tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75473643929757323242024-03-28T02:15:17.632-07:00Mapping BooksMitch Fraashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06759749960182851187noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7547364392975732324.post-37825977638842996582014-11-06T08:06:00.001-08:002014-11-07T06:22:58.237-08:00Mapping pre-1600 European manuscripts in the U.S. and Canada<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-w7SBjbKzgXs/VFubsiqW6_I/AAAAAAAAD1I/WbdcIUZaC0k/s1600/FullMap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-w7SBjbKzgXs/VFubsiqW6_I/AAAAAAAAD1I/WbdcIUZaC0k/s1600/FullMap.jpg" height="277" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://mitchfraas.cartodb.com/viz/c7ceb93a-647b-11e4-b336-0e4fddd5de28/public_map">Pre-1600 European manuscripts in the United States and Canada (detail)</a></td></tr>
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Today marks the beginning of the <a href="http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/lectures/ljs_symposium7.html">7th annual Schoenberg Symposium on Manuscript Studies in the Digital Age</a> here in Philadelphia. This year the symposium theme is "Collecting Histories" and features a line up of speakers discussing the ways in which provenance and the history of collecting informs our wider knowledge about manuscript culture. As readers of this blog know, I'm very much interested in the historical movement of books and manuscripts and I'm excited to speak during the conference on the ways in which the <a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/schoenberg/index.html">Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts (SDBM)</a> can be used to track manuscripts over time.<br />
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For this post though I want to highlight the fantastic work done by a team of scholars whose work very much informs the SDBM project. Over the past two decades, Lisa Fagin Davis and Melissa Conway have worked to create a new directory for all institutions in the U.S. and Canada which hold European manuscripts dating to before 1600. They have published<a href="http://brepols.metapress.com/content/h89297275160g463/"> their own excellent description of the origins and methodology of the project</a> but in short their work began as a way to update the censuses of American manuscripts created by <a href="http://franklin.library.upenn.edu/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_623432">Seymour de Ricci from 1935-40</a> and supplemented by <a href="http://franklin.library.upenn.edu/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_1290424">Faye and Bond in 1962</a>. Their census includes entries for 937 entities: historical owners of manuscripts derived from previous censuses, the former names of institutions now renamed, as well as current holders. Running to 126 pages in a<a href="http://www.bibsocamer.org/BibSite/Conway-Davis/Pre-1600.Mss.Holdings.pdf"> freely available PDF</a> sponsored by the Bibliographical Society of America, the census is an incredibly helpful resource and I wanted to find a way to make the data contained within it browseable in a different way than just on the printed page.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1m54_yde_1Q/VFqL2W5l3xI/AAAAAAAADzs/HCbLfdWgd2Q/s1600/BibExample.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1m54_yde_1Q/VFqL2W5l3xI/AAAAAAAADzs/HCbLfdWgd2Q/s1600/BibExample.jpg" height="196" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Example of a listing from the Fagin Davis & Conway Census (p.37)</td></tr>
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I extracted the text from the PDF census and chopped it up into relevant delimited fields like "Name" "Address" "Holdings" etc. and then mapped the results using <a href="http://www.cartodb.com/">CartoDB</a>. I had to make a few decisions about display along the way, especially when it came to how to determine the size of each manuscript owning dot on the map. Most institutions provided Fagin Davis and Conway with numbers for how many manuscript codices they held as well as how many leaves, documents, and scrolls were in their collection (though others reported only an aggregate number). Most institutions with full-fledged manuscript books had a fairly well-informed count of exactly how many they had but the numbers for leaves and documents often were estimated in larger round figures. As a result, the default map view gives all locations in the census with dots on their
locations by number of total manuscripts held (leaves, codices, scrolls, documents, etc.). Using the "visible layers" dropdown you can turn off and on just
those locations currently holding manuscripts or just those recorded in earlier
censuses which no longer hold manuscripts or both together. Of course sizing the dots by total manuscript holdings will be necessarily a bit misleading as a
university with 2 codices and 37 leaves appears to have total holdings
of 39 manuscripts, so there is also an
option in the "visible layers" menu to view only holdings of codices.<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="520" mozallowfullscreen="" msallowfullscreen="" oallowfullscreen="" src="http://mitchfraas.cartodb.com/viz/c7ceb93a-647b-11e4-b336-0e4fddd5de28/embed_map" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="100%"></iframe>
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Unsurprisingly one can see the concentration of pre-1600 European manuscript holdings along the east coast. In a league table of manuscript holders New York, Washington, and Philadelphia(!) come out on top by volume but in terms of individual institutions the Huntington and Folger with their extensive holdings of pre-1600 documents come out on top.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7t8rf2Imt8g/VFuXbHbq2KI/AAAAAAAAD0k/0aZxRalU6so/s1600/CurrentTotalmss.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7t8rf2Imt8g/VFuXbHbq2KI/AAAAAAAAD0k/0aZxRalU6so/s1600/CurrentTotalmss.jpg" height="236" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Top-15 current owners of pre-1600 manuscripts by "total" count in the Fagin-Davis/Conway census</td></tr>
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Given the fuzziness of this catch-all "total" manuscript number it's helpful to also get a sense
of institutions by number of codices held:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kGvOrsvlGQo/VFuX59gSMdI/AAAAAAAAD0w/1ej3PehnusM/s1600/CurrentCodexNumbers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kGvOrsvlGQo/VFuX59gSMdI/AAAAAAAAD0w/1ej3PehnusM/s1600/CurrentCodexNumbers.jpg" height="238" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Top 15 current owners of pre-1600 manuscript codices in the Fagin Davis/Conway census</td></tr>
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One of the advantages of using the Fagin Davis and Conway survey is that it lists private collections, and in the cases where these were dispersed or relocated, notes their current location. I don't think it would be terribly controversial to say that most collections of medieval manuscripts in the U.S. and Canada rest on substantial gifts from individual collectors or families. The remarkable extent of these private collections can be seen in part below:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iYse0BFEHaU/VFuYw-hKwII/AAAAAAAAD08/kEFMyJhYxlc/s1600/FormerOwners.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iYse0BFEHaU/VFuYw-hKwII/AAAAAAAAD08/kEFMyJhYxlc/s1600/FormerOwners.jpg" height="376" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://mitchfraas.cartodb.com/viz/c7ceb93a-647b-11e4-b336-0e4fddd5de28/public_map">Collections of pre-1600 manuscripts now identified as being relocated in the Fagin Davis/Conway census</a></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mFzCy9qnM7M/VFqOQvPashI/AAAAAAAAD0Q/k6NkHeqfVO8/s1600/FormerOwnersCodices.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mFzCy9qnM7M/VFqOQvPashI/AAAAAAAAD0Q/k6NkHeqfVO8/s1600/FormerOwnersCodices.jpg" height="285" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Top 15 now-relocated collections of pre-1600 manuscript codices in the census</td></tr>
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It's edifying to see the late Larry Schoernberg at the top of the list of codices, especially today during the conference celebrating his legacy. His manuscripts are now <a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/medren/search.html?fq=collection_facet%3A%22Lawrence%20J.%20Schoenberg%20Collection%22">here at Penn</a> but a decade ago when they were in Longboat Key, Florida they made that small community the largest holder of pre-1600 manuscript codices in the south. Others on that list will be familiar to many, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Arthur_Plimpton">George Plimpton</a> whose manuscripts are now largely at Columbia University and Thomas Marston whose collection is at the Beinecke, and Ricketts, whose collection is now mostly at the Lilly library. <br />
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Fagin Davis and Conway <a href="http://brepols.metapress.com/content/h89297275160g463/">have already written</a> on the implications of their survey for the history of manuscript movement but I was curious to see how manuscript holdings related to holdings of early printed books. Since I had<a href="http://mappingbooks.blogspot.com/2013/07/mapping-pre-1500-printed-books-today.html"> data on incunabula holdings</a> for the U.S. and Canada handy I thought I would overlay the two sets of information together.<br />
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Holdings of pre-1600 manuscripts (orange) and pre-1500 printed books (green) </div>
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As one would expect, the majority of institutions with pre-1600 manuscripts also hold pre-1500 printed books with the major institutions of the east and west coasts remaining prominent. Though it is<span class="st"> <i>de rigueur</i></span> now to speak of early printed books and manuscripts as complementary genres rather than necessarily competing ones, I know from experience in special collections libraries that print and manuscript remain separate in many places and that historically collectors of one genre might not necessarily be interested in the other (Larry Schoenberg for instance was a manuscript collector and for the most part did not own incunabula). I was surprised then to see how well the two sets of data overlap - that is, there were many fewer outliers than I expected. There were a few though such as the Mount Angel Abbey Library in Benedict Oregon which reported 25 codices and 63 pre-1600 leaves but is not listed in the GW as possessing any incunabula (though they may very well have them!). Or a smattering of public collections which have small collections of either incunabula or manuscripts but not both. The Lima Public Library in Lima, Ohio for instance reports holdings of 68 pre-1600 manuscript leaves but no early printed books. Though I'm still working on wrangling the data between the two sets, I'm eager to see what other small collections or big discrepancies pop up.<br />
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Finally, if you're interested in learning more about medieval manuscript collections in the U.S. ckeck out the program of this weekend's conference as well as <a href="http://manuscriptroadtrip.wordpress.com/">Lisa Fagin Davis' blog</a> detailing her virtual travels to manuscript repositories around the country over the past year. </div>
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Mitch Fraashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06759749960182851187noreply@blogger.com46tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7547364392975732324.post-35120278893337838602014-06-28T15:55:00.000-07:002014-06-28T16:04:45.888-07:00Tracking the Rare Book and Manuscript market<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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This past week I attended the annual conference of the <a href="http://www.preconference14.rbms.info/">Rare Book and Manuscript Section of the Association of College and Research Libraries</a>. It's fantastic to be around so many wonderful book people and hear their take on the state of the field. As part of the program, RBMS hosted panel on "the market" with <a href="http://www.ilab.org/eng/booksellers/899-musinsky_rare_books_inc_.html">Nina Musinsky</a> and other members of the trade and library world. Seeing the plenary and Musinsky's talk reminded me that I'd started several months ago to make sense of some data on 2013 book and manuscript auction sales but never finished.<br />
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On January 1st this year, the collector services site Americana Exchange (AE)<a href="http://www.americanaexchange.com/top500_auctions/"> posted a list of the "top 500" auction results by price for books and manuscripts for the previous year</a> based on their valuable in-house data. I thought I'd clean up and parse this data a bit and try to make some sense from it. The AE's table makes it easy to see the list by value, capped off by the Bay Psalm Book which sold for $14 million at Sotheby's. I wanted to get a sense though of the field as a whole. First off, while I was unsurprised that Sotheby's and Christie's dominated the field in terms of auction houses selling top lots, I was impressed by the fact that 48 different auction houses were represented over all 500 lots!<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Q4w-6IhNX2w/U69E9Xnq5WI/AAAAAAAADtY/EwT4KE0sgjk/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-28+at+3.39.34+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Q4w-6IhNX2w/U69E9Xnq5WI/AAAAAAAADtY/EwT4KE0sgjk/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-28+at+3.39.34+PM.png" height="224" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Top 10 Auction houses in 2013 by number of the top 500 lots sold.</td></tr>
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I then thought I'd look a bit at the age of the items being sold in the market - was the 20th century the hottest? The 16th? After a bit of cleanup I assigned dates to 497 of the 500 items and plotted them out.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NoKSxDW6F20/U6w_FMX73KI/AAAAAAAADr8/kI4LTXYq4wA/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-26+at+8.39.40+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NoKSxDW6F20/U6w_FMX73KI/AAAAAAAADr8/kI4LTXYq4wA/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-26+at+8.39.40+AM.png" height="214" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Number of items in top 500 by century</td></tr>
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There are no huge surprises in the above table with the 19th and 20th centuries responsible for the majority of the top value book and manuscript auction sales with the 17th century the poor relative in the printed-book era. The list is of course worth looking at carefully in comparison with the numbers, you'll see, for example, that a sale of comic books at Heritage Auctions really boosted the number of items from the 20th century.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MPZtw8yD5lA/U6w_FHjQKMI/AAAAAAAADr4/tQz1lXW6DaY/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-26+at+8.40.14+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MPZtw8yD5lA/U6w_FHjQKMI/AAAAAAAADr4/tQz1lXW6DaY/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-26+at+8.40.14+AM.png" height="216" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Total value (US$) of items in top 500 by century</td></tr>
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The twentieth century also fares well in looking at the total value of all lots by century, but you'll see the 17th century recovers thanks largely to the Bay Psalm Book whose high price compensates for lower total sales from the period.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-50g2mb53Ohw/U6w_FyHXwKI/AAAAAAAADsQ/-3Rv7WxaZws/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-26+at+8.40.45+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-50g2mb53Ohw/U6w_FyHXwKI/AAAAAAAADsQ/-3Rv7WxaZws/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-26+at+8.40.45+AM.png" height="215" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Average price (US$) earned by items in top 500 by century</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In looking at averages, medieval manuscripts, though numerically fewer on the list, shine through thanks to their higher per-item value. You'll see of course that the Bay Psalm Book is responsible for that inflated 17th century average.<br />
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The AE data also includes information on auction house estimates which provides an interesting window on which items blew away expectations (or which had artificially low estimates). I've divided the final sales price by the low estimate to get a kind of 'estimate factor' by which lots overperformed.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TZq5t5Mnw5I/U6xLUwWDoZI/AAAAAAAADsg/Lnv2MBQngtY/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-26+at+9.33.01+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TZq5t5Mnw5I/U6xLUwWDoZI/AAAAAAAADsg/Lnv2MBQngtY/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-26+at+9.33.01+AM.png" height="198" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Top 10 auction lots of 2013 by how much they exceeded their low estimate</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The two top expectation-beaters are illustratively quite different. The top lot, a 1555 first edition of the works of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Lab%C3%A9">Louise Charly Labé</a> was given an <a href="http://www.sothebys.com/fr/auctions/ecatalogue/2013/books-manuscripts-n09066/lot.10.html">estimate of $3,000-$5,000 at Sotheby's (New York) on 11 June 2013</a>, instead it sold for an astounding $485,000. Where the Labé volume is a beautiful 16th c. letterpress book with a fantastic binding, the second highest performer, sold just eight days later, couldn't be more different. The ugly little pamphlet on the right dates from 1937 and contains a printed offprint of "On Computable Numbers," one of Alan Turing's seminal articles. It was offered at <a href="http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20752/lot/219/">Bonham's in London June 19th for the modest estimate of </a><a href="http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20752/lot/219/">£</a><a href="http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20752/lot/219/">3,000-5,000 and instead achieved a whopping £205,250 ($349,591)</a>. One of maybe fewer than 100 offprints of the article, this one is inscribed by Turing to a Cambridge philosopher and is clear evidence of the enormous appetite for items related to the history of computing.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2bZ0o5QmG6U/U6xf81HBR-I/AAAAAAAADs4/WJP8gMI0L2A/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-26+at+11.00.50+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2bZ0o5QmG6U/U6xf81HBR-I/AAAAAAAADs4/WJP8gMI0L2A/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-26+at+11.00.50+AM.png" height="320" width="211" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Works of Louise Charly Labé<br />
(Lyon, 1555) [<a href="http://ustc.ac.uk/index.php/record/11315">USTC 1135</a>] </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-A956G9RICCU/U6xhQhT1QAI/AAAAAAAADtE/C2Ksq5kENko/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-26+at+11.06.22+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-A956G9RICCU/U6xhQhT1QAI/AAAAAAAADtE/C2Ksq5kENko/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-26+at+11.06.22+AM.png" height="320" width="217" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Turing's "On Computable Numbers, <br />
with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem" <br />
<i>Proceedings of the London<br />Mathematical Society</i> (1937)</td></tr>
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It's nice to see this juxtaposition which shows two of the many sides of the collecting market. Early printed books like the 1555 Labé continue to do well both for their physical beauty as well as their historical importance (one of the most important early printed compilations of a female poet) while the Turing offprint demonstrates the power and interest of a cohort of collectors attracted by the recent history of science and computing. Both are historically significant material and intellectual objects and I think pretty compelling evidence for why it's a great time to be working in the Rare Book and Manuscript field. </div>
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My data set, based on that of AE but with my addition of dates and the 'estimate factor' can be <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1P0_v0KmReYqQ4DJjHjbjsXOKXgk8aOgW_OM3PIOWAXs/edit?usp=sharing">found here</a>.</div>
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Mitch Fraashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06759749960182851187noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7547364392975732324.post-51526889872943086432014-01-24T08:03:00.002-08:002014-01-24T08:14:33.202-08:00Charting Former Owners of Penn's Codex Manuscripts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Today is the <a href="http://alamw14.ala.org/node/13250">American Library Association midwinter meeting LibHackathon</a> here at the Penn Libraries. I thought I'd share a project using library data that I've been working on for a little while now in the hopes that it will be not only useful to scholars but also might generate some conversation over how libraries and archives distribute their valuable descriptive information.<br />
<br />
In short, this piece is all about how we get to this:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RFoB9ugK5A8/UuKK1fqjBeI/AAAAAAAADjc/lz7TlIEUoC4/s1600/FullNetworkMss.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RFoB9ugK5A8/UuKK1fqjBeI/AAAAAAAADjc/lz7TlIEUoC4/s1600/FullNetworkMss.JPG" height="268" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Network diagram of Penn codex manuscripts and former owners</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
From this:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L5vP-qodS38/UuKHXqSREgI/AAAAAAAADjM/SMosq22SJFY/s1600/PennCodicesMarcRecord.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L5vP-qodS38/UuKHXqSREgI/AAAAAAAADjM/SMosq22SJFY/s1600/PennCodicesMarcRecord.jpg" height="201" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/franklin/marcrecord.html?id=FRANKLIN_2486636">MARC record for UPenn Ms. Codex 465</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Over the years and especially here at Penn I've been fortunate enough to work with a number of catalogers in both special and general collections. I can't think of a more under-appreciated part of the scholarly community. I've seen first-hand how much time, energy, and bibliographic skill goes into the description of texts and objects of all kinds. I've heard heated debates over whether one piece of information or another should go into one of the million-and-one <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARC_standards">MARC fields</a>. What comes out of the other side of this process should be a goldmine of easily usable truly 'big' bibliographic data. Instead, I think it's safe to say that 99% of library users have no idea why one might want to search the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bd752.html">752 field</a> instead of the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bd260.html">260 field</a> for place of publication. Moreover, this is hardly the sole fault of users. Try searching any library online catalog for just information from <a href="http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bd300.html">subfield c of field 300</a> and see how far you get! So much structured data ignored and thousands of hours of cataloger effort hidden from the world <a href="http://mappingbooks.blogspot.com/2014/01/charting-former-owners-of-penns-codex.html#ftn1">[1]</a>.<br />
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Fortunately the data is there if you know how to find it <a href="http://mappingbooks.blogspot.com/2014/01/charting-former-owners-of-penns-codex.html#ftn2">[2]</a>! I've been playing around with our catalog data at Penn for a while now and decided a few weeks ago that I wanted an easy way to visually display networks of provenance in our manuscript collection. Penn has a deep commitment to provenance and book history and for my money our catalogers have done some of the richest work in describing provenance of any manuscript collection I've seen. The <a href="http://www.library.upenn.edu/kislak/">Kislak Center </a>here at the Penn Libraries currently has cataloged around 1,640 codex manuscripts (manuscripts bound in book form) as well as around 300 codex manuscripts from the Lawrence J. Schoenberg collection <a href="http://mappingbooks.blogspot.com/2014/01/charting-former-owners-of-penns-codex.html#ftn3">[3]</a>. I knew from experience that most of these had detailed descriptions of former ownership in their online catalog records and it seemed reasonable to just download them all and make a quick visualization of who owned which manuscripts in common.<br />
<br />
I realize now that this task would have been near to impossible at most libraries where the online catalogs and back-end databases don't easily allow public users to batch download full records. Fortunately at Penn all of our catalog records are available in MARC-XML form which looks something like this:<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NOokAwHdtwM/UuKJNF5-dHI/AAAAAAAADjU/iIWDbFxA-Fg/s1600/PennCodicesMARCXML.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NOokAwHdtwM/UuKJNF5-dHI/AAAAAAAADjU/iIWDbFxA-Fg/s1600/PennCodicesMARCXML.jpg" height="160" width="400" /></a></div>
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I knew that our catalogers were keen on including structured data about former owners in the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bd700.html">700 field</a> with a "former owner" phrase after their name. It was easy enough to download a list of all of the manuscripts that possessed this field. Then, after some much needed coaching from<a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/staff/record.html?id=619"> Dot Porter</a>, the Kislak Center's XML guru and medievalist extraordinaire, I was able to write an <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/xsl/">XSL transformation</a> which would spit out just what I wanted. At first glance though, I didn't turn up nearly as many results as I'd hoped and I seemed to be missing a lot of data. Looking through the records I saw that, on the plus side, the 700 field was highly structured with authorized name headings but didn't always incorporate all of the rich narrative textual information in the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bd561.html">561 field</a> (labeled "provenance" in our public catalog. For example, an owner like Sir Thomas Phillipps would have his name included in the 700 field but the auction house which sold the manuscript would appear only in the 561. This is for very good reasons ("Sotheby's" is rarely a "former owner") but I really wanted to know everything about a text so I moved on to extracting every 561 field from the manuscripts. Instead of nice, neat authorized names, I of course got a lot of fascinating narrative:<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-H5cx3bAm2M4/UuJ96dFO-KI/AAAAAAAADig/9Iigf244MMM/s1600/ProvenanceMsCodex234.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-H5cx3bAm2M4/UuJ96dFO-KI/AAAAAAAADig/9Iigf244MMM/s1600/ProvenanceMsCodex234.jpg" height="74" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://franklin.library.upenn.edu/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_1580670">Provenance note for UPenn Ms. Codex 234</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I broke each of these lines of narrative into sentences and began the arduous work of identifying each owner in a chain of provenance uniquely. After some maddening time using <a href="http://openrefine.org/">OpenRefine</a>, regular expressions, and plain copying and pasting I got a list I was happy with. In the end I came up with 3,252 manuscript/provenance pairs, like so:<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DqOPewInusA/UuKLYlGTYmI/AAAAAAAADjs/zBuqexcj7pI/s1600/ProvenancePairsExcel.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DqOPewInusA/UuKLYlGTYmI/AAAAAAAADjs/zBuqexcj7pI/s1600/ProvenancePairsExcel.JPG" height="163" width="400" /></a></div>
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1,285 of our 1,640 odd codices (including two ms. rolls, because: why not) had at least some provenance data recorded as well as an additional 265 of the 311 Schoenberg manuscripts we've cataloged. Out of these I was able to identify 985 "unique" entities through whose hands our manuscripts had passed. More interestingly, 225 of these owners had formerly been in possession of two or more of our manuscripts.<br />
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Past possessors of Penn's manuscript codices in yellow with individual manuscripts in grey.</b> (<a href="https://gephi.org/">Gephi</a> network diagram rendered with <a href="http://sigmajs.org/">sigma.js</a>).<a href="http://s3.amazonaws.com/fraasdev/PennCodices.html">[Full Screen View]</a></h4>
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<iframe frameborder="1" height="360px" marginheight="px" marginwidth="0px" name="My iFrame" scrolling="yes" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/fraasdev/PennCodices2.html" style="border: 0px #000000 none;" width="468px"></iframe>
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The historical strengths of our collection and Penn's institutional history can be seen pretty clearly here at the center of the cluster. Our codices primarily come from European and American collections as mediated by the prominent dealers and auction houses of London, New York, Philadelphia, Paris,Florence, and Munich. In addition we have received several very large collections over the years including the Gondi-Medici collection via the dealer Bernard Rosenthal and the recent gift of the <a href="http://www.thedp.com/article/2011/04/alum_donates_manuscripts_worth_20m_to_penn">Lawrence J. Schoenberg</a> collection.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SYcL7F0TP4o/UuKBNNH4mSI/AAAAAAAADi0/6R5g-5W8wbA/s1600/ClusterCenter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SYcL7F0TP4o/UuKBNNH4mSI/AAAAAAAADi0/6R5g-5W8wbA/s1600/ClusterCenter.jpg" height="282" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Center Cluster showing a variety of donors, bookdealers, and auction houses</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
In addition to seeing this network of former owners connected to
manuscripts I also wanted to see which groups of owners went together -
that is, what strings of provenance were the most common in our collection. To accomplish
this I leaned on <a href="http://web.cs.swarthmore.edu/~adanner/">Andy Danner</a>,
a rising star in the Computer Science department at Swarthmore (and a
former grad school roommate). Where I had puzzled over ways to write a
script to count up owners by commonly owned manuscripts and come up with
pretty much nothing workable, Andy took all of 25 minutes to write a
simple Python program to accomplish just that. After running the program
I had a list of 4,752 pairs or co-owners. These ranged from
contemporary collector-auction house pairs, like Schoenberg-Sotheby's,
with 91 manuscripts having passed through both their hands, to
connections between bookdealers - for example the 6 manuscripts which passed
through the hands of both <a href="http://www.samfogg.com/">Sam Fogg </a>and <span class="st"><a href="http://guenther-rarebooks.com/en/home/index.php">Jörn Günther</a> </span>to older provenance strings
such as the triad of the Venetian senator Jacopo Soranzo (1686-1761), the Italian collector Matteo Luigi Canonici (1727-1805), and British bibliophile Walter Sneyd (1809-1888) with five manuscripts
passing to Canonici then to Sneyd and then through a variety of
channels reunited again at Penn.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-doPQGVBurro/UuKDruKghDI/AAAAAAAADi8/2ivxBiM7o68/s1600/SneydSoranzo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-doPQGVBurro/UuKDruKghDI/AAAAAAAADi8/2ivxBiM7o68/s1600/SneydSoranzo.jpg" height="251" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Former possessor network of manuscripts owned by Walter Sneyd</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Past possessors of Penn's manuscript codices in yellow linked with others who possessed the same manuscript.</b> (<a href="https://gephi.org/">Gephi</a> network diagram rendered with <a href="http://sigmajs.org/">sigma.js</a>). <a href="http://s3.amazonaws.com/fraasdev/PennCodices2.html">[Full Screen View]</a></h4>
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<br />
<iframe frameborder="1" height="360px" marginheight="px" marginwidth="0px" name="My iFrame" scrolling="yes" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/fraasdev/PennCodices2.html" style="border: 0px #000000 none;" width="468px"></iframe>
<br />
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In looking at this network I was interested in the densest former possessor clusters. Unsurprisingly, Larry Schoenberg appears statistically at the head
of all of our past possessors in terms of sheer number of ties to other
"owners." This league table looks different from the raw counts of
course as the <a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/franklin/search.html?q=%22Gondi-Medici+Business+Records%22&qt=dla-standard">Gondi-Medici manuscripts</a> might make up a substantial
portion of our collection but they barely appear as important in this
visualization which privileges connections over sheer volume (the
Gondi-Medici mss. sharing almost no owners in common with other parts of
the collection). This also tends to privilege manuscripts which have
moved around quite a bit. Some of the manuscripts in the Schoenberg
collection have 7 or 8 recorded owners if we include auction houses with <a href="http://franklin.library.upenn.edu/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_4809379">LJS 64</a> taking the cake with 11! . I'd be curious to see how this robust movement compares with similar research library collections.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WRaalfktV00/UuJ9zMOEohI/AAAAAAAADiY/P9EyAb9aHXw/s1600/LeaNetwork.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WRaalfktV00/UuJ9zMOEohI/AAAAAAAADiY/P9EyAb9aHXw/s1600/LeaNetwork.jpg" height="302" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Network of former "owners" of Mss. also owned by Lea</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vpVLF2idi6M/UuJ-J0BpgnI/AAAAAAAADio/jtEqgPKrV4Y/s1600/SchoenbergNetwork.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vpVLF2idi6M/UuJ-J0BpgnI/AAAAAAAADio/jtEqgPKrV4Y/s1600/SchoenbergNetwork.jpg" height="268" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Network of former "owners" of Mss. also owned by Schoenberg</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
To get a sense of what this means, I looked at two of Penn's great donors <a href="https://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/mss/lea/lea-library.html">Henry Charles Lea</a> and Larry Schoenberg<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"> </a>and their collections. It's instructive to note how far apart on the network diagram Lea and Schoenberg are. Though they both gave large collections of medieval and early modern manuscripts to the university, they collected in different eras and with different methods and agendas. Lea built his collection over the 19th century though trips to Europe and conversations with dealers disposing the remnants of religious and family libraries across Italy and Iberia with a focus on the inquisition. Schoenberg collected pieces originating all over the world from Japan to the United States with broad interests in science, mathematics, language, and the manuscript form. He also collected in the 20th and 21st centuries which meant his sources were primarily dealers and auction houses. Their networks do overlap in a few places, but these points of intersection are mostly dealers like Tregaskis of London and Sotheby's which just confirms the centrality of the rare book market centered on London.<br />
<br />
It's no surprise that another point of connection between Lea and Schoenberg is Sir Thomas Phillipps, perhaps the greatest English book collector of all time (ok, well in quantity at least).<a href="http://franklin.library.upenn.edu/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_1545597"> Lea bought a manuscript at one of the first sales of Phillipps' collection</a> and Schoenberg purchased several more a century later. The repeated Phillipps sales across the long 20th century injected a huge number of manuscripts into the market at a time when American universities and private collectors were more aggressively building collections and I wouldn't be surprised if Phillipps is at the heart of many American institutional collection networks. <br />
<br />
I should say that there are of course serious data bias issues going on here. Schoenberg is
well know for his passion for provenance history and founding the
<a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/schoenberg/index.html">Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts (SDBM)</a>, he had an interest in
documenting the life story of his collection in the way Lea did not,
leaving us with much less easily accessible data on the prior
disposition of his collection. That being said, I think this kind of
network diagram helps make clear the rising importance of specialized
antiquarian book dealers and houses over the last century and a quarter.<br />
<br />
Finally and perhaps most exciting of all, I'm just now in the process of working through the data and the visualizations to suggest manuscripts which, in the absence of visible or recorded evidence, might have been owned by a particular person or institution based on similar chains of provenance. I hope to make all of this data available through our institutional repository at some point and I'd love to hear from others engaged in similar projects - and I hope this piece will encourage others to begin taking a look at how they might be able to use the detailed metadata created by generations of librarians. <br />
<br />
__________<br />
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<div id="ftn1">
[1] The introduction of RDA and other linked data standards may correct some of these issues but I think that will likely be a long time coming.</div>
<div id="ftn2">
[2] See <a href="http://slid.es/anna-sophiazingarelli-sweet/visualizing-library-collections">Anna-Sophia Zingarelli-Sweet's work</a> outlining some of the promises and difficulties of looking at catalog data at scale: I'm also lucky enough to work with one of the most impressive data-mappers and library catalog users in the country: <a href="http://works.bepress.com/john_mark_ockerbloom/">John Mark Ockerbloom</a> who maintains the <a href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/aboutolbp.html">Online Books Page</a> and pioneered the "get at your library" link in Wikipedia.</div>
<div id="ftn3">
[3] In addition the Kislak Center here at Penn holds nearly 1,000 other "manuscript
collections" which can consist of anything from single leaves to tens of
thousands of pages of archival material as well as codices. Given this somewhat arbitrary distinction, I'd love to expand this analysis to the entirety of the Penn collection.</div>
</div>
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With the annual conference of the American Historical Association (AHA) starting today I'm excited to see friends and hear some great papers. I'm always struck by just how broad a field 'history' represents but yet how often historians are able to make connections to each others work, even when far removed temporally and geographically. In reading the AHA's flagship journal, <i>The American Historical Review</i> (AHR) this year I especially enjoyed seeing places where seemingly unconnected articles spoke from similar frames of reference, and most interestingly, from overlapping source bases (be sure to check out my Penn colleague Vanessa Ogle's <a href="http://ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/118/5/1376.extract">great article on the history of time reform</a>!).<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ostOwX1Bunc/UsNPuUP7LGI/AAAAAAAADg0/ZyJUZMKdy8Q/s1600/NetworkArchivesGephi1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ostOwX1Bunc/UsNPuUP7LGI/AAAAAAAADg0/ZyJUZMKdy8Q/s400/NetworkArchivesGephi1.JPG" width="358" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Authors of articles in the 2013 AHR connected by commonly used archives</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
As this site indicates, I'm very interested in tracking the circulation of texts, ideas, and archives over time as well as how these sources are used by scholars. Tracking networks of citation is nothing new and has been a favorite activity of scholars for centuries but recently there's been a surge of interest in quantitative analysis of academic citation patterns. Most of this interest has been in the sciences and social sciences where <a href="http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/library/researchers/bibliometrics">"impact factors"</a> (put simply, the quantity and importance of articles citing one's work) are de rigueur in weighing scholarly merit. Though I'm wary of many of the developments in this "bibliometrics" field, some of the more useful advances have been in using data about authorship and citation to show the material ways fields are constructed, i.e. the influence of certain universities, graduate programs, or scholars in a specific sub-discipline. Here at Penn for instance, my colleagues at the library have helped the school of Medicine and others to create a way for<a href="https://vivo.upenn.edu/vivo/vis/author-network/pi75527083"> viewing co-authorship networks</a> of particular researchers. <br />
<br />
Though tracking citation of articles and secondary sources in a journal like the AHR would really illuminate networks of influence, interest, and argument, I'm more interested in how historians use archival sources. This is especially important given that the bibliometric wizards at big publishing companies like Elsevier and Proquest have done a decent job at figuring out article and book citations and linking them together, but with much less success with archival sources.<br />
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I extracted data on archival sources from 16 of the 17 feature articles in the five AHR issues for 2013 <a href="http://mappingbooks.blogspot.com/2014/01/linking-archival-sources-in-2013-ahr.html#ftn1">[1]</a>. The authors of these pieces did not disappoint, citing 66 different archives and libraries located in 54 different cities from Berkeley to Sarajevo to Zanzibar <a href="http://mappingbooks.blogspot.com/2014/01/linking-archival-sources-in-2013-ahr.html#ftn2">[2]</a>.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-H_1iUafX0mI/UsNRjFd-1qI/AAAAAAAADhI/JmCkn51I-Js/s1600/CitiesNumberofArchivesMap.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-H_1iUafX0mI/UsNRjFd-1qI/AAAAAAAADhI/JmCkn51I-Js/s640/CitiesNumberofArchivesMap.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Location of Archives and Libraries cited in 2013 AHR articles [<a href="http://public.tableausoftware.com/views/AHR2013/Sheet1?:embed=y&:display_count=no">Interactive map</a>]</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Despite disparate topics and the relatively random assortment of scholars and articles across the year's issues (as far as I can tell none of the articles were grouped in 'theme' issues) there were several nodes of archival overlap.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wqLq4eXlNGE/UsWC1VxrieI/AAAAAAAADhk/xaJr-LXPwmM/s1600/TableArchivesbyDiffAuthor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="145" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wqLq4eXlNGE/UsWC1VxrieI/AAAAAAAADhk/xaJr-LXPwmM/s640/TableArchivesbyDiffAuthor.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Archives used by multiple 2013 AHR authors</td></tr>
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Obviously one year of the AHR is a pretty weak sample but I suspect the pattern established would hold across a wider swath of the journal - i.e. an impressive array of geographically dispersed archives based on the focus of particular authors as well as a concentration of overlapping citation from the major state and university archives and libraries of Europe and North America. Along these lines I would be curious to see how the influence of particular archives have waxed and waned over the years in the profession, I imagine that a select number of repositories (NARA, the UK national archives, the British Library, Library of Congress, the BN in Paris, various German archives, etc.) have long been dominant across geographic and temporal fields given the institutional makeup of the historical profession but I would also be surprised if the dominance of these central archives haven't decreased given methodological and theoretical shifts in the discipline since the 1970s.<br />
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<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
This question though speaks to the point in writing this piece. Doing such an analysis of the AHR or any historical journal across the last 50 or 100 years would be extremely difficult (at least for me) given both the available formats of back-issues of electronic journals as well as the way we as historians cite archival sources. The first point is the easier to address. Looking at citations in the 2013 AHR was relatively easy given the availability of all but one of the featured articles in HTML with their notes arranged in one clump at the end for easy scraping. For older issues of the journal only OCR'd PDFs are available which make precise scraping of just footnotes a bit more complex <a href="http://mappingbooks.blogspot.com/2014/01/linking-archival-sources-in-2013-ahr.html#ftn3">[3]</a>.<br />
<br />
The second issue though is maybe the more difficult one. While the names scholars use for archives and archival sources within their work follow the rule of internal consistency (state an acronym or short title for an archive and stick with it), they don't always link up well to how other scholars might cite similar repositories. Take the vexing problem of the National Archives of the United Kingdom at Kew for starters which was the most commonly used archive of the 2013 AHR authors. When it comes to Kew, my own citation practices are willfully disobedient, I can't stomach writing the <a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/citing-documents.htm">preferred abbreviation</a> "TNA" (really? 'the' in an acronym? - not cricket) but even when historians do the right thing it still isn't that simple. When citing the National Archives in the 2013 AHR Stanwood and Hilliard both used the identical form "The National Archives, Kew [hereafter TNA]" but Mikhail and Ogle used slight variants: "The National Archives of the United Kingdom [hereafter TNA]"(Mikhail), "British National Archives, Kew [hereafter NA]"(Ogle). Additionally, having a computer sort he data I was convinced Fair has also cited the Kew archives in her work on East Africa with several footnotes reading something like<span class="highlight selected"> "TNA</span> 435/B/2/2" (p.1088, n.44). But wait...on the first page of Fair's article:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eP1GiSDKez8/UsNOrtLNiVI/AAAAAAAADgs/PHPX94S7xPU/s1600/TanzaniaArchives.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="45" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eP1GiSDKez8/UsNOrtLNiVI/AAAAAAAADgs/PHPX94S7xPU/s400/TanzaniaArchives.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Laura Fair, "Drive-In Socialism: Debating Modernities and Development in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania," <i>The American Historical Review</i> (2013) 118 (4): 1077</td></tr>
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Now that's a proper acronym! Of course in context to human readers this isn't much of a problem (though one can easily imagine both TNAs being cited in an article on British East Africa), but when looking at patterns at scale this has the potential to be a bit troublesome.<br />
<br />
But why is this really all that important except in doing macroanalysis of journals or dreaded 'metrics'? I was a bit skeptical myself until I saw the power of linking sources as brought to bear by Proquest in its <a href="http://search.proquest.com/docview/866663267">electronic edition of my dissertation</a>. Their system managed to extract 452 "items" from my dissertation bibliography and though striking out completely on archival sources did an amazing job with book and article citations, opening up a world of possibilities for finding colleagues and sources in the field I didn't know of before.<br />
<br />
For example, in its automated searching of my bibliography, Proquest identified correctly a somewhat obscure (with apologies to epigraphers!) monograph of Indian inscriptions. Helpfully, anyone looking at my work can then click the name of the book and see a list of the 3 other dissertations that also cited it:<br />
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Unsurprisingly, this led me to hours of clicking through to other dissertations and finding all sorts of people I'd never heard of before.<br />
<br />
This kind of linking and search capability would obviusly also be enormously useful for archival sources. Taking just the 2013 AHR articles as examples, imagine if every one of Pettit's citations to the Atherton Papers at the Bancroft Library linked to <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25157640">other articles</a> citing this collection, or when Stanwood cites State Papers 96/9 at Kew if other scholars <a href="http://edl.revues.org/266?lang=en">work citing the same record number</a> also popped up. As a historian of India I know I would have been fascinated to see Ogle's use of the Indian newspaper summaries in BL IOR L/R/5/161 also link to <a href="http://www.uky.edu/Centers/Asia/SECAAS/Seras/2005/Rosenkrantz.htm">other work using the same documents</a> or be excited to see the connection when Stanwood cited a particular letter to St. Helena (BL IOR E/3/92 f.17) which is also referenced in several pieces by Phil Stern in his work on the East India Company <a href="http://mappingbooks.blogspot.com/2014/01/linking-archival-sources-in-2013-ahr.html#ftn4">[4]</a>.<br />
<br />
Needless to say, the possibilities are pretty exciting but a lot of work needs to be done to get there. For a start I wonder if historians and historical journals could begin adopting some of the linked data sources available for libraries and archives. Much like airports have codes (IAD, DCA, BWI, etc.) IDs are also available for many of the world's major libraries and archives. For more than you ever wanted to know about the history of library identification codes in the US see the Library of Congress summary <a href="http://www.loc.gov/marc/organizations/">here</a>. Though an imperfect solution, when seeking unique identifiers for libraries and archives I usually start with OCLC's registry, see e.g. the entry for the <a href="http://worldcat.org/registry/Identifiers/134222">Bancroft Library (OCLC-RQE)</a> which also lists <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations">ISIL numbers.</a> I don't know how much I want to push this but what about embedding ISIL numbers or other codes within electronic versions of articles? Use "TNA" "BNA" or "BA" all you want in the text of a piece but perhaps with "<a href="http://worldcat.org/registry/Identifiers/133217">OCLC-UKARC</a>" embedded in some fashion. Even for archives and libraries in parts of the world not covered by these indexes there are usually some kinds of identifiers available. For example, the archives in which Smith found some of her fantastic sources (the "Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Iaroslavskoi oblasti") could also be identified as <a href="http://www.iisg.nl/abb/rep/R-263.tab1.php?b=rusfed-federalregions.php%23R-263">ArcheoBiblioBase R-263</a>. <br />
<br />
In a perfect world I can even imagine these kinds of identifiers being integrated with other linked data sources for proper nouns. Why not even go all-in and include references for people and places as well. For example, Michael Pettit, the author of one of the AHR's 2013 articles, is better known in the library linked data world as <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/233554130">VIAF 233554130</a> which includes information on alternative forms of his name.<br />
<br />
Though much of this linking work is impractical for individual historians I would love to see flagship journals like the AHR step forward and contribute. In a world in which libraries and scholars balk at the increasing cost of purchasing electronic journal subscriptions this seems like a clear value-added that is easily justifiable. In addition, in many ways the people most well placed to see the whole range of work cited in a field are those involved at the journal level and thus might be able to implement linked data more universally. <br />
<br />
Finally, I want to make sure to say that this is a great problem to have as a field. How exciting is it that historians get to visit archives in every corner of the globe and seek out new sources to better our understanding of the past. The fact that we don't have an easy set of archival identifiers yet is probably a great indication of how diverse and fast-growing the discipline is and I hope no effort to implement these kinds of standards gets in the way of that!<br />
<br />
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<h4 id="ftn1">
[1]</h4>
I chose only those pieces identified by the AHR as "articles" and not discussion pieces or forum articles. Much of the extracting of the names of archives and libraries was done by hand after some computer pre-processing. Importantly, this survey ignores the citation of printed sources outside of the archival context. This is no small issue. It is not common for historians to cite the name of a library at which they used a copy of a printed text (though much more common in book history and some literary history). This necessarily biases my survey towards what we think of as "archives" - manuscripts and papers which themselves may contain printed texts.<br />
<h4 id="ftn2">
[2]</h4>
See <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0ApxSfmon-gFVdGkwdUw2TzNWN05pVTV0ZXp4djlVdGc&usp=sharing">the full list here</a>. It's likely I missed some along the way and I'm more than happy to be corrected by the authors!<br />
<h4 id="ftn3">
[3]</h4>
Data from long runs of journals, even in OCR'd form has proved useful in other analyses, especially that of the full run of the Proceedings of the Modern Language Association done by Ted Underwood and Andrew Goldstone: <a href="http://journalofdigitalhumanities.org/2-1/what-can-topic-models-of-pmla-teach-us-by-ted-underwood-and-andrew-goldstone/">"What Can Topic Models of PMLA Teach Us About the History of Literary Scholarship?" <i>Journal of Digital Humanities</i> 2.1 (2012)</a>.<br />
<h4 id="ftn4">
[4]</h4>
See this letter cited in P. Stern, <i>The Company State</i> (Oxford, 2011), p. 36. <br />
<br />
<b>AHR articles mined for sources above:</b><br />
<br />
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Owen Stanwood, "Between Eden and Empire: Huguenot Refugees and the
Promise of New Worlds,"<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Historical Review</i>
(2013) 118 (5): 1319-1344 doi:10.1093/ahr/118.5.1319 <br />
<br />
Michel Gobat, "The Invention of Latin America: A Transnational History
of Anti-Imperialism, Democracy, and Race," <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Historical Review</i> (2013) 118 (5): 1345-1375
doi:10.1093/ahr/118.5.1345 <br />
<br />
Vanessa Ogle, "Whose Time Is It? The Pluralization of Time and the Global
Condition, 1870s–1940s,"<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Historical Review</i>
(2013) 118 (5): 1376-1402 doi:10.1093/ahr/118.5.1376 <br />
<br />
Daniel Magaziner, "Two Stories about Art, Education, and Beauty in
Twentieth-Century South Africa,"<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
American Historical Review</i> (2013) 118 (5): 1403-1429
doi:10.1093/ahr/118.5.1403<br />
<br />
Sarah M. S. Pearsall,“Having Many Wives” in Two American Rebellions: The
Politics of Households and the Radically Conservative," <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Historical Review</i> (2013)
118 (4): 1001-1028 doi:10.1093/ahr/118.4.1001<br />
<br />
Alison K. Smith, "Freed Serfs without Free People: Manumission in
Imperial Russia,"<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Historical Review</i>
(2013) 118 (4): 1029-1051 doi:10.1093/ahr/118.4.1029<br />
<br />
Michael Pettit, "Becoming Glandular: Endocrinology, Mass Culture, and
Experimental Lives in the Interwar Age," <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Historical Review</i> (2013) 118 (4): 1052-1076
doi:10.1093/ahr/118.4.1052<br />
<br />
Laura Fair, "Drive-In Socialism: Debating Modernities and Development
in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,"<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Historical Review</i>
(2013) 118 (4): 1077-1104 doi:10.1093/ahr/118.4.1077<br />
<br />
Talbot C. Imlay, "International Socialism and Decolonization during the
1950s: Competing Rights and the Postcolonial Order," <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Historical Review</i> (2013) 118 (4): 1105-1132
doi:10.1093/ahr/118.4.1105<br />
<br />
Christopher Hilliard, “Is It a Book That You Would Even Wish Your Wife or
Your Servants to Read?” Obscenity Law and the Politics of Reading in Modern
England," <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Historical
Review</i> (2013) 118 (3): 653-678 doi:10.1093/ahr/118.3.653<br />
<br />
Max Bergholz, "Sudden Nationhood: The Microdynamics of Intercommunal
Relations in Bosnia-Herzegovina after World War II," <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Historical Review</i> (2013) 118 (3): 679-707
doi:10.1093/ahr/118.3.679<br />
<br />
Alan Mikhail, "Unleashing the Beast: Animals, Energy, and the Economy
of Labor in Ottoman Egypt<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Historical Review</i>
(2013) 118 (2): 317-348 doi:10.1093/ahr/118.2.317<br />
<br />
Ryan Tucker Jones, "Running into Whales: The History of the North
Pacific from below the Waves,"<br />
<i>The American Historical Review</i> (2013) 118 (2): 349-377
doi:10.1093/ahr/118.2.349<br />
<br />
Daniel Jütte, "Interfaith Encounters between Jews and Christians in the
Early Modern Period and Beyond: Toward a Framework,"<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Historical Review</i> (2013) 118 (2): 378-400
doi:10.1093/ahr/118.2.378<br />
<br />
Nile Green, "Spacetime and the Muslim Journey West: Industrial
Communications in the Making of the “Muslim World”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Historical Review</i> (2013) 118 (2): 401-429
doi:10.1093/ahr/118.2.401<br />
<br />
Yumi Moon, "Immoral Rights: Korean Populist Collaborators and the
Japanese Colonization of Korea, 1904–1910" <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Historical Review</i> (2013) 118 (1): 20-44
doi:10.1093/ahr/118.1.20 <br />
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I did not use
Jennifer Evans' excellent article in the April issue ("Seeing
Subjectivity: Erotic Photography and the Optics of Desire") given its
unavailability in html form due to copyright restrictions.</div>
Mitch Fraashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06759749960182851187noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7547364392975732324.post-83569095890375698032013-11-12T15:08:00.000-08:002013-11-12T15:19:15.752-08:00The Dispersal of the Medieval Libraries of Great Britain<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-N8RnAnAXzqk/UoDqCuwSW2I/AAAAAAAADcQ/dhfMCvWMH-c/s1600/MLGBWideView.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="290" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-N8RnAnAXzqk/UoDqCuwSW2I/AAAAAAAADcQ/dhfMCvWMH-c/s400/MLGBWideView.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Movement of books from medieval libraries in the MLGB3. Medieval locations (red), Current locations (blue)</td></tr>
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Today I'm teaching a workshop on using "screen scraping" in the digital humanities. No workshop is really useful without practical examples so last week I decided to try out my screen scraping chops on an exciting new database of book history data. The <a href="http://www.library.upenn.edu/scc/">Kislak Center at Penn</a> (where I'm Scholar in Residence) is quickly becoming one of the most important sites for book and manuscript provenance research and I wanted to see what I could do to highlight the potential for making extant provenance data more useful through new visualizations.<br />
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Several years ago, a few of the scholars behind the monumental <i>Corpus of British medieval library catalogues</i> project (<a href="http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/series/BRITL-CBMLC.html">now at fifteen volumes)</a> led by <a href="http://www.history.ox.ac.uk/faculty/staff/profile/sharpe.html">Richard Sharp</a>e began working on an online database to update and provide access to the wealth of information on medieval manuscripts contained in Neil Ker's <span id="ctl00_cphMaincontent_lblDescription"><i>Medieval Libraries of Great Britain</i> (<a href="http://franklin.library.upenn.edu/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_3044572">1941</a>, <a href="http://franklin.library.upenn.edu/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_291958">1964</a>, and <a href="http://franklin.library.upenn.edu/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_566928">1987</a></span>). These volumes include accounts of books and manuscripts known to survive today which once were owned within Great Britain before the mid-16th century. Recently, through grants from the Mellon foundation and others, the team has taken much of this information and made it available online in the <a href="http://digital.humanities.ox.ac.uk/ProjectProfile/Project_page.aspx?pid=150">MLGB3 searchable database</a>. The site appears to be in <a href="http://mlgb3.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/">beta mode</a> at the moment and intermittently accessible but when it launches fully it will be an amazing resource and the culmination of a good deal of work by Sharpe and others. Looking through the database I was especially intrigued by the wealth of data on the current location of many of these medieval books and manuscripts. Given how comprehensive and detailed the project data is, even at this stage, I wanted to get a sense of what kind of picture would develop if we looked at the points of origin and current location of all these manuscripts in aggregate.<br />
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As of last week, the MLGB3's online database included over 6,000 records for books and manuscripts owned by medieval libraries. In order to look at them in aggregate I used the ever-helpful<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/"> wget utility</a> to pull down each record in order. I was left with a gigantic mess of html with the useful data hidden within it. After extensive cleanup and parsing of the data I was able to throw the location names of the original medieval libraries as well as current owners against <a href="http://www.findlatitudeandlongitude.com/batch-geocode/#.UFnNnSLcR2A">David Zwiefelhofer's geocoding service</a> (which I believe uses the Yahoo API) to get longitudes and latitudes. This didn't go entirely smoothly as the names of ruined monasteries tend not to register very well in geo databases. Fortunately, there are a wealth of wikipedia entries providing detailed long./lat. information on a wide range of English historical sites and I was able to fill in the blanks.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LdZXz5rwuTQ/UoK2ONZWmGI/AAAAAAAADd8/A3g8RXPDBQA/s1600/OriginPlaces.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LdZXz5rwuTQ/UoK2ONZWmGI/AAAAAAAADd8/A3g8RXPDBQA/s320/OriginPlaces.JPG" width="246" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Libraries in Medieval Great Britain (MLGB3)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1Qcz1S5iixk/UoK2QCO1ZrI/AAAAAAAADeE/q026EpPOSB0/s1600/MLGBDestinationplaces.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1Qcz1S5iixk/UoK2QCO1ZrI/AAAAAAAADeE/q026EpPOSB0/s320/MLGBDestinationplaces.JPG" width="223" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Current Locations of Books from the MLGB3</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-80tDJ2xexQM/UoEfynsd1-I/AAAAAAAADcs/cuOxivmtIfg/s1600/MLGBDestinationsWorld.JPG" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="148" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-80tDJ2xexQM/UoEfynsd1-I/AAAAAAAADcs/cuOxivmtIfg/s320/MLGBDestinationsWorld.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Worldwide Current Location of Books in MLGB3</td></tr>
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What most struck me from this preliminary view (I'll wait until the final MLGB3 release to make sure) is how much less movement there was than I expected. That is, if books owned by medieval libraries are any indication, the cultural patrimony of Great Britain has not moved far from its home. Over 93% (5900/6316) books from the MLGB3 data show up as being currently held in Great Britain leaving just 416 in other locations. This visualization of course elides the many movements of books between when they were cataloged or inventoried in the medieval period and when they reached their current place of residence. That being said, I wonder how a similar map of the dispersal of French or German monastic libraries would look? Are 93% still in their country of origin (loosely defined)? I doubt it.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5ero7rAbDKU/UoJGFDeWXsI/AAAAAAAADdQ/sZHYWWilGXI/s1600/MLGBStaugCanterbury.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="176" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5ero7rAbDKU/UoJGFDeWXsI/AAAAAAAADdQ/sZHYWWilGXI/s200/MLGBStaugCanterbury.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Benedictine Abbey of St. Augustine, Canterbury</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8jWGAUSiYXM/UoJAOm-HGJI/AAAAAAAADdA/uxNz_aGSjbA/s1600/CanterburyChapter.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="185" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8jWGAUSiYXM/UoJAOm-HGJI/AAAAAAAADdA/uxNz_aGSjbA/s200/CanterburyChapter.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Benedictine Cathedral Priory of the Holy Trinity, Canterbury</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4KqhTWPRt3k/UoKuyeydQmI/AAAAAAAADdk/uRXa2dkoxbY/s1600/MLGBPsalters.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4KqhTWPRt3k/UoKuyeydQmI/AAAAAAAADdk/uRXa2dkoxbY/s200/MLGBPsalters.JPG" width="177" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Psalters in the MLGB3</td></tr>
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When the data are finalized I look forward to examining in detail what mapping can tell us about the differential fate of manuscripts from certain locations, or even certain kinds of manuscripts. For example see above for the relatively similar dispersal patterns of two Canterbury libraries or right for the dispersal patterns of psalters. Likewise, in the future I would love to combine the MLGB3 records with those in the
<a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/schoenberg/index.html">Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts</a> (SDBM) here at Penn. For instance, manuscripts from St. Augustine's in Canterbury feature in over <a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/schoenberg/search.html?q=%22St+Augustine%27s+Abbey%2C+Canterbury%22">100 transaction records</a> in the database. Similarly, the database staff here has entered over 3,200 manuscripts based on <a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/schoenberg/search.html?q=%22Medieval+Manuscripts+in+British+libraries%22">entries from Ker</a>. I can imagine also how the fantastic resources within the MLGB3 project could be linked with extant digitized copies of the manuscripts mentioned. The one Penn manuscript noted in MLGB3 (<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:-tIZGTQ_sqgJ:163.1.127.175/mlgb/book/316/%3Fsearch_term%3DPhiladelphia%26field_to_search%3Dlocation%26page_size%3D500&client=firefox-a&hl=en&gl=us&strip=1">ID 316</a>, formerly Phillipps 20547 and Lea 23) comes from the church of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_Cathedral">St. Deiniol in Bangor</a> and it would be fantastic to display the <a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/medren/pageturn.html?&id=MEDREN_1545597&rotation=0&currentpage=392">digital facsimile of the ex libris inscription</a> alongside the entry. In other words, there's no more exciting place to be for linked digital humanities data than provenance and book history! <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tlOA_39BbLA/UoKzdOGizzI/AAAAAAAADdw/v0ZchpxxT2I/s1600/MsCodex75.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="187" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tlOA_39BbLA/UoKzdOGizzI/AAAAAAAADdw/v0ZchpxxT2I/s400/MsCodex75.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/medren/1545597">UPenn Ms. Codex 75</a>. Ownership inscription, f. 193v: "Iste liber pertinet Ecclesie sancti Daniellis"</td></tr>
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Mitch Fraashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06759749960182851187noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7547364392975732324.post-50170228924645169532013-10-10T12:16:00.000-07:002013-10-10T14:02:46.738-07:00Library Markings from Looted Books<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/65703354@N08/8012801687/in/set-72157631456858474" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="196" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dPd71YbOWiE/UlXT7cIRZjI/AAAAAAAADag/_dovrFXr2EU/s200/FrankfurtBookstamp.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/65703354@N08/8012801687/in/set-72157631456858474">Bookplate of the <i>Komite zur Förderung Thoradienst Gemeinden in Palästina</i> Frankfurt a.M.</a></td></tr>
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Here at Penn, the rare books cataloging team has been working for the past several years to put images of bookplates, bookstamps, and other provenance markings <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/58558794@N07/sets/">online</a> in order to facilitate identification of former owners and libraries. Thanks to the project, I've become increasingly interested in how digital tools might help scholars reconstruct historical libraries and networks of texts. <br />
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I've long been interested in the mass movement of books that took place over the 19th and 20th centuries, whether as a result of the dissolution of monasteries, the increased economic and cultural resources of the United States, or the unprecedented tragedies of the World Wars. The wide-scale looting and destruction of books and cultural artifacts by the Third Reich in the 1930s and 40s has drawn an increasing amount of scholarly interest in the past few decades <a href="#ftn1">[1]</a>. Even George Clooney is getting in on the action with his <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2177771/">upcoming movie</a> on the "Monuments Men" team that worked to locate and preserve works of art during the last months of the war. In reading more about the fate of books and libraries destroyed or stolen by the Nazi regime I was excited to see that the records kept by the central collecting point for looted books at Offenbach were available both in microfilm and (for a fee) online. These records were largely compiled and saved by <a href="http://www.monumentsmenfoundation.org/bio.php?id=400">Ardelia Hall (1899-1979)</a> who was an adviser to the State Department with a tireless focus on returning looted WWII property. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://access.cjh.org/1665570" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yEQP4_BjE4I/Ulb4P7LkHiI/AAAAAAAADa4/roUSq6Gcqyw/s200/OffenbachCover.JPG" width="198" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://access.cjh.org/1665570">Front Cover of Vol. II (Western) of the albums assembled at Offenbach </a><br />
<a href="http://access.cjh.org/1665570">(this image: S.J. Pomrenze Papers, Center for Jewish History) </a></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://access.cjh.org/1665570"><br /></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
By mid-1946, U.S. and other allied forced had assembled more than 2 million
books from Nazi repositories at Offenbach with the aim of returning books to rightful owners wherever possible. The records of this endeavor are voluminous and are available in some 13 reels of microfilm from the National Archives as <a href="http://www.archives.gov/research/microfilm/m1942.pdf">NARA M1942</a>. This microfilm series has been <a href="http://www.fold3.com/browsemore/hRyVVKV8Z_1/">digitized by Fold3</a> and is available to subscribers of that service. <br />
<br />
To aid their work of cultural restitution, officers at the Offenbach depot made several albums of photographed bookstamps and marks found inside books in their care, which they organized by apparent place of origin. They also created additional albums featuring markings from private libraries and owners which bore no readily identifiable geographic point of origin. All told the albums contain thousands of ownership marks, a perfect candidate for mapping. Feeling decidedly unqualified to tackle the album of markings from Eastern Europe or the vast number of miscellaneous private stamps, I started with those from Western Europe. The Western European album compiled at Offenbach includes pages categorized by country, i.e. America, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Palestine, Spain, and Switzerland, with by far and away the greatest number coming from Germany (344/514). In all there are <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/65703354@N08/sets/72157631456858474/">more than 500 ownership markings</a> present in this geographically sorted album <a href="#ftn2">[2]</a>.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://viewshare.org/views/mfraas/offenbach-bookplates/" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="284" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-plDMYVAmTXw/UlMo5tYPikI/AAAAAAAADZY/Y4akk57mM8I/s320/Screen+shot+2013-10-07+at+5.33.35+PM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://viewshare.org/views/mfraas/offenbach-bookplates/">Distribution of book markings in "Germany" volume from the Offenbach Archival Depot</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Each page of the album usually contained many reproductions of book markings crammed together with a reference number but no textual caption. Wanting to create a database of individual library marks, I began by isolating each bookstamp or mark from the album, beginning with those from Germany. I wanted to see geographically where these likely-destroyed libraries and private collections were located and to be able to sort out different types of institutions which had been targeted by the Nazis. The results of this mapping can be seen above and are searchable at <a href="http://viewshare.org/views/mfraas/offenbach-bookplates/">http://viewshare.org/views/mfraas/offenbach-bookplates/</a> [does not work in IE].<br />
<br />
In all I mapped 289 library markings to 127 locations with 55 markings remaining unknown to me (images of each individual library mark including the 55 unknown are also available on <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/65703354@N08/sets/72157631456858474/">Flickr</a>). The very top of the list is not surprising, Berlin and Frankfurt virtually tied (32 and 31) for the cities with the most library markings recorded in the Offenbach album, but I was a little surprised that the relatively small city of Hildesheim had as many markings recorded as Hamburg.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QbkZSE9LB9Q/UlXMvmrEBgI/AAAAAAAADZ0/jtz6Hw11ptg/s1600/OffenbachList.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="249" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QbkZSE9LB9Q/UlXMvmrEBgI/AAAAAAAADZ0/jtz6Hw11ptg/s320/OffenbachList.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
It should be kept in mind as well that these figures only represent those library markings in the "Germany" Offenbach album, countless private and otherwise unidentified-by-place markings exist in the other albums. I faced more difficulty in coming up with vocabulary with which to categorize the types of libraries present in this album. The overwhelming majority of book markings of course came from Jewish institutional or private libraries but in my cataloging of the book markings I have largely reserved the "Jewish" library label for institutional
libraries such as those of synagogues and communal organizations and not private libraries of those who have names that
might suggest Jewish ancestry. As a result, a significant number of library markings are coded as "other." Nonetheless as the map shows below, there is still value in looking at the library markings by type:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4K3k615DXXc/UlXOzgfky3I/AAAAAAAADaA/jZHqNYBmfHk/s1600/Koblenz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hk-NBMfjEVI/UlXO-gZg0WI/AAAAAAAADaI/1xxVSEzthkQ/s1600/Koblenz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hk-NBMfjEVI/UlXO-gZg0WI/AAAAAAAADaI/1xxVSEzthkQ/s320/Koblenz.jpg" width="309" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cluster of Jewish libraries near Koblenz</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--UpH14Oj6nk/UlXQEbDlIjI/AAAAAAAADaU/2tDt0_fNfH8/s1600/BayernLandtags.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="120" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--UpH14Oj6nk/UlXQEbDlIjI/AAAAAAAADaU/2tDt0_fNfH8/s200/BayernLandtags.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">NARA M1942 (reel 12, frame 541)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
These caveats pale in comparison though to one of the central problems with making conclusions about wartime destruction of libraries based on the Offenbach albums. The Offenbach team photographed all the provenance marks on a book they
could find, which do not necessarily represent the library from which
they were looted. This can be readily seen in the "State Library"
category on the map. The stamp of the <i>Bibliothek des Bayerischen Landtags</i>
in Munich (right) is included in the "Germany" album but this obviously does
not mean that the library was looted by the Third Reich, rather that the
book had once been in the collections of that library at some
unspecified prior point. Thus without further investigation it is difficult to know from this evidence exactly which library owned a given book on the day it was seized by the Third Reich. <br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A3mPP2p2I7M/Ulb6CsQ0PHI/AAAAAAAADbM/RP4ncP2jSTs/s1600/FullPageOffenbach.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A3mPP2p2I7M/Ulb6CsQ0PHI/AAAAAAAADbM/RP4ncP2jSTs/s320/FullPageOffenbach.JPG" width="230" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">First Page of "Germany" in album II (marks 1-7)<br />
<br />
<a href="http://access.cjh.org/1665570">(this image: S.J. Pomrenze Papers, Center for Jewish History) </a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Nonetheless, I think mapping out these places of origin is exceedingly important when done with a more nuanced set of questions in mind. Taking the markings as evidence more broadly of the location of Jewish and other libraries in the decades prior to World War II provides both a kind of historical recovery and might eventually offer data that could be used by scholars to make new arguments about the diffusion of reading and book culture in central Europe as well as its subsequent destruction.<br />
<br />
Obviously mapping just shy of 350 library markings is not going to accomplish this task and I'm excited to move forward to try and catalog all of the markings in the Offenbach albums. This can only be accomplished by a large number of participants with the knowledge and language skills to identify often hard-to-read reproductions <a href="#ftn3">[3]</a>. Fortunately, the Center for Jewish History in New York has <a href="http://access.cjh.org/1665570">digitized copies of the albums</a>
owned by Col. Seymour Pomrenze, one of the American officers assigned
to Offenbach. These albums are virtually identical to those in the National Archives and the CJH digitized images are of better quality than the NARA microfilm. Though I haven't cataloged or geo-located them yet I have used the CJH images to put online the remaining 174 library markings from the "Western Europe" album on <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/65703354@N08/sets/72157631456858474/">Flickr</a>. Melanie Meyers and others at the CJH are working on identifying a broad swath of Eastern European and other marks from the albums and I hope in time a more complete picture, usable for research and discovery, emerges.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<h2 id="ftn1">
[1]</h2>
This literature is large, a good introduction is the collection of essays <a href="http://franklin.library.upenn.edu/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_2995272"><i>The Holocaust and the Book: Destruction and Preservation</i> (University of Massachusetts, 2001)</a>. Here at Penn, historian <a href="http://www.history.upenn.edu/faculty/peiss.shtml">Kathy Peiss</a> has been working for several years on the responses of the library profession to wartime looting and post-war book distribution/repatriation policies. See her <a href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/library_trends/v055/55.3peiss.html">"Cultural Policy in a Time of War: The American Response to Endangered Books in World War II," <i>Library Trends</i> 55.3 (2007), 370-386</a>. For a specific example of work on the bookplates in the
Offenbach collection see Frederik J. Hoogewoud, "Dutch Jewish Ex Libris
Found among Looted Books in the Offenbach Archival Depot (1946)” in
Chaya Brasz & Yosef Kaplan, <i>Dutch Jews as Perceived by Themselves
and by Others</i>. (Leiden, 2001), pp. 247-261 (<a href="http://www.clintonlibrary.gov/assets/storage/Research%20-%20Digital%20Library/holocaust/theft/Box%20181/6997222-bibliotheca-rosenthaliana-dutch-jewish-books-in-library-of-congress.pdf">a version is available online through the Clinton Presidential Library</a>).<br />
<br />
<h2 id="ftn2">
[2]</h2>
The "Western European" album (album II) can be found at the National Archives as NARA 260-LM-II-F and on microfilm as M1942 reel 12, frames 506-548. Another copy of this album is in the <a href="http://access.cjh.org/1665570">Colonel Seymour J. Pomrenze papers (P-933)</a> at the Center for Jewish History
An additional copy of the bookplates can also be found at the University
of
Chicago <a href="http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.MS1393">(Codex Ms 1393</a>). The NARA microfilm has also been digitized through Fold3 and is
available online to members of that
service at <a href="http://www.fold3.com/browsemore/hRyVVKV8Z_1/">http://www.fold3.com/browsemore/hRyVVKV8Z_1/ .</a>For the 344 "Germany" library markings mapped here I have used microfilm images from M1942 via Fold3, for the remaining 174 markings from album II on Flickr I have used digitized images from the Pomrenze papers at CJH.<br />
<br />
<h2 id="ftn3">
[3]</h2>
Library markings from WWII-era books are already available online in a few forms outside of the Offenbach records. See for example the <a href="http://omeka.wustl.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/brisman/bookstamp">Brisman collection digitized at Washington University in St. Louis</a>. The Koordinierungsstelle Magdeburg in Germany maintains a database at <a href="http://www.lostart.de/Webs/EN/Datenbank/Index.html"> Lostart.de</a> which includes some descriptions and pictures of library markings in looted books. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Mitch Fraashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06759749960182851187noreply@blogger.com37tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7547364392975732324.post-66876363448083667792013-07-29T09:08:00.002-07:002013-07-30T07:32:28.304-07:00Mapping pre-1500 Printed Books Today<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Last week the Penn Libraries hosted a <a href="http://www.rarebookschool.org/courses/history/h25/">Rare Books School course</a> on the 15th century European book in print and manuscript taught by Will Noel and Paul Needham. As someone interested in the history of libraries and the movement of books over time, I've long been impressed by the volume of detailed information available in digital form about early European printed books. Online catalogs like the <a href="http://istc.bl.uk/search/index.html">Incunabula Short Title Catalog (ISTC)</a> and the <a href="http://www.gesamtkatalogderwiegendrucke.de/">Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke (GW)</a> contain tens of thousands of entries about these books including the whereabouts of known copies today. In browsing both catalogs I had been surprised by the wide distribution of <a href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/incunabulum">incunabula </a>in libraries throughout the world and inspired by the work of the <a href="http://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/">Atlas of Early Printing</a>, I figured it would be interesting to see the global scope of these collections in visual rather than textual form.<br />
<br />
Both the ISTC and GW allow users to browse by lists of libraries which hold incunabula but where the ISTC displays library abbreviations/codes (see e.g. <a href="http://istc.bl.uk/search/browse.html?operation=scan&numreq=250&fieldidx1=norzig.posessingInstitution&fieldrel1=exact&fieldcont1=a">this list</a>), the GW actually lists geographic locations with libraries grouped by city. In addition, the GW provides helpfully detailed alternate spellings and names for locations which make them easier to geocode, for example: <span class="bold">"Alba Julia</span> [Gyulafehérvár, Karlsburg, Weißenburg]/Rumänien." For that reason I decided to use data from the GW here, which in all contains listings for some 2,330 place names with institutions holding incunabula. <br />
<br />
I scraped the raw data from the GW web interface and then parsed it on my own which resulted in a few problems, namely while I captured all the place names accurately, some holdings libraries seem to have been lost in the shuffle. I've worked to manually correct these but would not be surprised if further corrections are needed. Likewise, the GW helpfully lists some libraries which formerly owned incunabula and which are now defunct or subsumed into other libraries.For example, for Philadelphia, I know that the number of holdings
libraries listed (19) includes the former Mercantile Library of
Philadelphia with 5 incunabula. All of these books are now in the Free
Library of Philadelphia which means that the total for Philadelphia in
my visualization includes one extra holdings location and 5 extra
incunabula. In addition, and most importantly, my results from the GW are most useful in counting <i>editions </i>rather than actual physical books. That is, while there may be just over 5,000 separate 15th c. editions in Stuttgart, the Landesbibliothek there holds closer to 7,000 actual 15th c. books as a result of having multiple copies of the same edition (many thanks to Paul Needham for pointing this out). As a result, the exact numbers contained in the visualization should be taken with a grain of salt. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x5QezalNFYw/UfVyHeABeSI/AAAAAAAADUY/1MFD0M0-538/s1600/IncunableChart1.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="205" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x5QezalNFYw/UfVyHeABeSI/AAAAAAAADUY/1MFD0M0-538/s400/IncunableChart1.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Top 15 cities by holdings of Incunable editions. Number of editions in center column, number of holdings institutions in a given city in right column. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
So, despite these caveats, what does the data look like? The top 15 list is hardly surprising, Munich tops the list thanks to the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek and its massive collection, but thinking geographically rather than nationally, Rome would come out as the clear winner if Vatican City and its libraries were included. Likewise, if judging by number of libraries/institutions reporting incunabula holdings (admittedly a somewhat hazy category), London emerges as the extreme outlier. I found the numbers further down the list more surprising, I would not have guessed that Dallas (1013) holds roughly the same number of early printed editions as Zurich (1002) or that Copenhagen (4146) would have a more diverse collection than Venice (3464), one of the centers of early printing. <br />
<br />
<br />
<script src="http://public.tableausoftware.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br />
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That being said, if anything the map hews more closely to the geographic origins of the books themselves than
I fully realized (excepting the large holdings in the US of course!). The densest clusters of holdings institutions and
indeed of incunabula themselves are in the homelands of early printing,
German-speaking central Europe and Italy. Compare for example the two maps below, one from the current holdings data and the other from the excellent <a href="http://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/">Atlas of Early Printing </a>showing where incunabula were actually printed. The two pair up pretty well!<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0dWTVAbuBx4/UfVyHluDYZI/AAAAAAAADUg/gNiXEQCDT3A/s1600/IncunableChart4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="315" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0dWTVAbuBx4/UfVyHluDYZI/AAAAAAAADUg/gNiXEQCDT3A/s400/IncunableChart4.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Current Incunabula Holdings in Europe (GW data)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lpz2bZbXQ10/UfaJmXnXOzI/AAAAAAAADVM/oyPax6k8o_k/s1600/AtlasofPrinting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="259" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lpz2bZbXQ10/UfaJmXnXOzI/AAAAAAAADVM/oyPax6k8o_k/s320/AtlasofPrinting.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Volume of Book Production by Place of Printing 1450-1500 (<a href="http://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/">Atlas of Early Printing</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I expected that thanks to
monastic dissolution and library centralization throughout the 19th
century would have resulted in a fairly spread-out pattern of incunabula
holdings with capital cities and regional centers being the big players
with a few scattered libraries in between. This seems certainly to be
the case in France and Spain where provincial cities and towns are less
well-represented, but in central Europe, the big state and university
libraries may have a large share of books, but there are still hundreds
of small religious colleges, town libraries, and monasteries holding
incunabula in the hinterlands. (If anyone is interested, the weighted geographic center of all current institutions holding incunabula is <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!q=47.039153%2C+-1.541752&data=!1m4!1m3!1d1136445!2d-1.5410828!3d47.0447614!4m11!1m10!4m8!1m3!1d195601!2d-75.1180329!3d40.002498!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!17b1">near the Atlantic coast of France outside of Nantes</a>).<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FuIrCggFUtU/UfVyHUnqnzI/AAAAAAAADUU/Frwmi6au9CM/s1600/IncunableChart3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FuIrCggFUtU/UfVyHUnqnzI/AAAAAAAADUU/Frwmi6au9CM/s1600/IncunableChart3.JPG" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Incunabula holdings in the Adriatic Region</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
These maps also drew my eye to blank spaces which in turn highlighted
borderlands between book-dense areas and those with relative scarcity today.
The Adriatic seems to be one such area, with its string of Catholic and state
libraries extending down the Croatian coast including Dubrovnik, Zadar,
and Šibenik serves to highlight the lack of 15th-century printed books
in the interior of the former Yugoslavia - perhaps reflecting the
ravages of war, different book/manuscript cultures in Orthodox and
Muslim regions, or just the simple lack of good library data.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K6jRT4rtrs8/UfVyolYY-oI/AAAAAAAADU8/C0YN9vF642Q/s1600/Poland.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K6jRT4rtrs8/UfVyolYY-oI/AAAAAAAADU8/C0YN9vF642Q/s1600/Poland.JPG" /></a><br />
<br />
Something
similar struck me about the region to the east of Berlin and the west of
Poznan, a seemingly "empty" salient stretching south from the Baltic
sea (left). I know next to nothing about this area but would have thought expected a more even distribution of libraries.<span lang="de"></span> <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
Of course, scale is everything. While the views above are intended to highlight cities which possess truly significant incunabula collections, the map below is perhaps a fairer representation of the data - with the sizes of
the dots scaled by quartiles. In this view, the truly broad range of holdings locations comes into play, as on this map the top quartile (largest dot) is reserved for any place holding 65 incunabula or more - a seemingly low bar which reflects just how many locations own a very small number of early European printed books. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mp2GYSPk_qk/UfVyH0nNJNI/AAAAAAAADUw/iFfwN-AuJRg/s1600/IncunableChart5.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="193" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mp2GYSPk_qk/UfVyH0nNJNI/AAAAAAAADUw/iFfwN-AuJRg/s400/IncunableChart5.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Current Incunabula Holdings Worldwide - scaled in quartiles.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x5QezalNFYw/UfVyHeABeSI/AAAAAAAADUY/1MFD0M0-538/s1600/IncunableChart1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br />
Finally, this world-view impressed on me the lack of reported holdings in North Africa and the Middle East generally. The fact that there are only four incunabula from Istanbul reported in the GW is somewhat shocking (for more see<a href="http://www.blogger.com/"> Les incunables de la bibliotheque des Musees Archeologiques d'Istanbu</a><a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/469860933">l</a>). Considering the place of the Ottoman Empire in Mediterranean and world history, the lack of greater numbers of early printed books in Turkish libraries begs an explanation (library destruction? lack of cataloging?). Likewise, the lack of reported holdings in Egypt prompted me to start searching library catalogs. I found six unreported in the new Bibliotheca Alexandrina but am sure there must be more in other Egyptian libraries as well. <br />
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I look forward to discovering more in the data over the coming weeks and I can't stress enough how important rich bibliographic databases like the ISTC and GW are for scholars. They are exceptional resources that took decades of work to
put together. Given the amount of work that went into creating their data I hope that in the future there will be a way for both to
offer machine interfaces which make the downloading of raw data simple and these kinds of visualizations second nature to researchers. <br />
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Mitch Fraashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06759749960182851187noreply@blogger.com45tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7547364392975732324.post-85599459445774358872013-07-20T08:23:00.004-07:002013-07-20T09:19:20.599-07:00Expanding the Republic of Letters: India and the Circulation of Ideas in the Late Eighteenth Century<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Today I'm presenting at the Society for the History of Authorship, Reading & Publishing (SHARP) annual conference which is being held here at Penn. Rather than giving a traditional conference paper I will be participating in the "digital project showcase" which features a number of really fantastic digital book history projects. I thought it would be helpful to post here some of what I will be showing today at the conference.<br />
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My project was inspired in a way by one of the most successful visualization projects of the last few years, Stanford’s <a href="http://republicofletters.stanford.edu/">Mapping the Republic of Letters project</a> (ROL). The project uses data about thousands of seventeenth and eighteenth century letters to provide a powerful visual representation of how intellectual and correspondence networks functioned over the long eighteenth century. The visualizations that result from the project are quite powerful and illustrative and have immediate impact on students and others trying to get a sense of the geography of the Enlightenment. Taking as an example the 1751-1800 period below, one finds in the ROL visualization what one might expect: Paris, London, Edinburgh, Geneva, all show up</div>
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brightly as nodes of discourse and communication:</div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-a8Dit9bpxk4/UeqHmhq-9zI/AAAAAAAADSQ/Zjh77Ns-eEk/s1600/ROL1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="348" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-a8Dit9bpxk4/UeqHmhq-9zI/AAAAAAAADSQ/Zjh77Ns-eEk/s400/ROL1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Without diminishing the ROL's achievements though, I was immediately struck by the absences encoded into this sweeping view of the Enlightenment. As a <a href="http://angloindianlaw.blogspot.com/">historian of 18th-century India</a>, I was especially concerned about what it meant that it is visualized in the ROL as connected to the European Enlightenment in this period by just a single slender line: </div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--57Ut3obSKM/UeqICl27PAI/AAAAAAAADSY/J8-CZSnetcw/s1600/ROL2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--57Ut3obSKM/UeqICl27PAI/AAAAAAAADSY/J8-CZSnetcw/s320/ROL2.jpg" width="313" /></a></div>
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In my own research on legal culture in early modern India I had long been struck by the ways in which legal information and texts flowed in all different directions between and through India and Europe. For the SHARP showcase then I proposed a new visualization of the eighteenth-century, one which would focus on circuits of knowledge exchange in the form of textual movement between India and the rest of the world.</div>
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The resulting project is based on extensive research and data from wills, inventories, auction and library catalogs, as well as correspondence and other records. To be more precise, the visualizations below come from some 2,400 mentions of print and manuscript texts sent to India from abroad or which were produced or owned in parts of European-ruled India. Spelling out these sources I think makes clear the limits as well as the potential of the project. Records of book ownership and text circulation in 18th-century India are difficult to get at and since my goal was to show connections with the wider world, I necessarily focused on nodes of greatest contact, especially the East India Company port cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta, as well as other European enclaves like Tranquebar and liminal zones like Lucknow. Much is obviously lost in this survey, especially the enormous body of Persianate literature that circulated throughout central and south Asia as well as those texts which moved between China, southeast Asia, and India. Yet for now, there is only so far I can go and I look forward to building on the project with the assistance of other scholars.</div>
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So what were the results:</div>
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Instead of that measly thin line connecting India with Europe in the 18th century we see a robust array of connections. The blue lines represent texts flowing from Europe/Americas to India and, perhaps more importantly, the red lines represent texts moving outward and within India. Though you can manipulate the visualization above as you chose I thought I would highlight some of the more significant questions that I think come out of this view. </div>
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First is the need to look beyond print to see networks of circulation. <a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/franklin/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_1247688">In his impressive bibliography of printing in South Asia</a>, Graham Shaw lists just 1,344 imprints from mainland South Asia before 1800 (Another 427 come from Dutch Sri Lanka). Many of these books were printed in extremely small numbers and are not known to have circulated particularly far. As a result, the print connections between Indian-produced materials pale in comparison to the inflow from Europe. If we select only flows of manuscript material however we remove much of those large blue print-lines from Europe and see a richer picture of the circulation of Indian texts:<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4pmfT-SbryU/UeqgWkbmIiI/AAAAAAAADSo/HFH_MNm60sU/s1600/SharpMap1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="282" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4pmfT-SbryU/UeqgWkbmIiI/AAAAAAAADSo/HFH_MNm60sU/s400/SharpMap1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Movement of manuscripts to and from India c. 1750-1800</td></tr>
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In addition to showing the movement of texts in aggregate I also wanted to be able to say something about the nature of these texts. Thinking of the Stanford ROL project I decided to see what the movement of texts by authors whose correspondence is represented in that project (~40 or so including Adam Smith, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Locke). Their texts were some of the most popular in my records though notably, because of the nature of the data, most in English translation:<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6kvG-4VFf5M/Ueqh0xQPz9I/AAAAAAAADS4/heteOquRNgY/s1600/Sharpmap2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="218" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6kvG-4VFf5M/Ueqh0xQPz9I/AAAAAAAADS4/heteOquRNgY/s320/Sharpmap2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Flow of texts by "Enlightenment" authors c.1750-1800</td></tr>
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This kind of geographic visualization also flattens different kinds of textual transmission. Should the fact that an English soldier in Calcutta owned a European-printed copy of Goethe's <i>Sorrows of Young Werther</i> be represented equally with the fact that a pirated translation was printed at Calcutta in 1792 (though no copy survives today)?<br />
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Though slightly disappointed with the informational value of the Enlightenment authors map, I was more curious about those texts which I labeled as being broadly scientific, algebra texts, accounts of experiments, journals of temperatures, Persian treatises on medicine, etc. :<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_OpNNL5IC-Y/Ueqi0EDJ-yI/AAAAAAAADTE/YnRhcoBTqmU/s1600/SharpMap3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_OpNNL5IC-Y/Ueqi0EDJ-yI/AAAAAAAADTE/YnRhcoBTqmU/s320/SharpMap3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The map to the right shows the interplay and diversity of transmission of these "scientific" texts. Rather than a homogeneous block of European science entering India, there was a robust interested in locally produced scientific and medical accounts by authors of all kinds.<br />
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Yet, perhaps the most well distributed exchange of ideas seems to have taken place in the realm of historical texts and the accounts of political structures produces in both Europe and India. Though scholarship on early Orientalism has often focused on religious and philological translation and collecting, perhaps more than anything else, 18th century Indian readers and collectors relished histories. These included texts from Europe like Paul de Rapin's History of England or those from India like the Alamgir-Nama of Mirza Muhammed Kazim both of which circulated widely:<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RAsnfBd1uzc/UeqkuNJfwZI/AAAAAAAADTU/dIGmrCwLvC0/s1600/Sharpmap4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="282" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RAsnfBd1uzc/UeqkuNJfwZI/AAAAAAAADTU/dIGmrCwLvC0/s400/Sharpmap4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Historical" texts and their circulation c. 1750-1800</td></tr>
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I'm just starting to take a look at these maps in an attempt to formulate further research questions and I do hope readers will play with the interactive features to ask questions of their own.<br />
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Geographic maps only go so far though in representing this circulation of texts. They tend to aggregate and obscure individual books and historical actors. For that reason I turned to another type of visualization in an attempt to understand which books and readers featured most prominently in my data.<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WDOVP_sZpAU/UeqmmH1mLgI/AAAAAAAADTk/otUcI_DtO3w/s1600/SharpMap6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WDOVP_sZpAU/UeqmmH1mLgI/AAAAAAAADTk/otUcI_DtO3w/s400/SharpMap6.jpg" width="263" /></a></div>
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To the right is the bewildering array of connections formed when one plots texts with common owners, that is, who is connected by shared ownership of particular titles and what can that tell us about the circulation of texts in India. This view is of course barely useful in its current state other than to show a central cluster of connected people and texts and at the bottom an array of people and texts who remain unconnected. To see the full network in PDF form see <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B5xSfmon-gFVQmZFSkNrMWFQTDA/edit?usp=sharing">here</a>.<br />
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A different view of the same data I think proves more instructive:<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IIAkbxJyDcs/UeqnaqC7P8I/AAAAAAAADTw/QOK9YBJcckk/s1600/SharpMap7.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="177" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IIAkbxJyDcs/UeqnaqC7P8I/AAAAAAAADTw/QOK9YBJcckk/s320/SharpMap7.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Books (black) by size according to number of connections in the data<br />
red dots represent individual owners</td></tr>
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This view shows the very center of that cluster above, this time however, the size of each node (dot) is determined by the number of connections it shares with its neighbors. In this case the black dots represent particular titles and the red dots particular owners. The large nodes here are the most popular texts, including the Bible, the Works of Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and Shakespeare, Addison and Steele's Spectator, a variety of print and manuscript Persian dictionaries, <i>Tristram Shandy</i>, and the classic Persian prose work, Sa'di's <i>Gulistan</i>. Looking further afield from the classics though there are some interesting questions to be asked. I noticed in perusing the records that two Bengali men in Calcutta seemed to be purchasing a number of books at estate sales. One of these, "Gopee Tagoror [Tagore]" seems to have been especially interested in anti-onanism tracts. In fact in 1767 he bought a hot-of-the-press warning on the "Detestable Vice of Self-Pollution" [<a href="http://estc.bl.uk/T207134">ESTC T207134</a>] which is today only held in two libraries worldwide. Was he a bookseller? A fan of self-improvement literature? A committed anti-onanist?There is much to interpret here and I hope both at today's showcase and in future conversations to begin mining these connections for what they can and cannot tell us about the cultural world of colonial India in the late 18th century.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gxwdL2zoSf0/Ueq4ZxEN8hI/AAAAAAAADUA/EuhYTy1i4iY/s1600/SelfPollution+(1).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="148" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gxwdL2zoSf0/Ueq4ZxEN8hI/AAAAAAAADUA/EuhYTy1i4iY/s400/SelfPollution+(1).JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gopee Tagore's books 1767</td></tr>
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As a final coda, just hours away from the showcase itself, I'm completely humbled by how frustrating a task this proved to be. At the end of this stage of work I realize just how central absence and omission are to any visualization of historical information. No matter how much I tried to "fill in the gaps" my visualization remains constrained by data available and historical uncertainty and I've come away knowing that while I may have added a useful addenda to the vision of the Enlightenment that ROL offers, it is far from complete and perhaps offers its greatest value in forcing us to ask what is missing. </div>
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Sources of records</div>
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966 records from</div>
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Inventories of Estates at Madras, 1768-1779 [3 volumes]</div>
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Inventories of Estates at Calcutta, 1764-1772 [7 volumes]</div>
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Sample of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta wills 1750-1780</div>
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415 records extracted from provenance information contained in Graham Shaw's magisterial <i>South Asia and Burma retrospective bibliography</i> (SABREB) (London, 1987). </div>
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359 records from 1777-1800 (majority 1778-1782) taken from official lists of inventories sent to the East India Company in London. These were coded by Margot Finn and her team under the ESRC funded project: "Colonial possession : personal property and social identity in British India, 1780-1848" and are available as <a href="http://www.esrc.ac.uk/my-esrc/grants/RES-000-22-0790/read/data">UK Data Archive: Study Number 5254</a>.</div>
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255 records extracted from 28 major catalogs of Persian and other oriental manuscripts including those of the British Library, India Office Library, Oxford, Cambridge, Edinburgh, the Bibliotheque National, the Salar Jang Library, Harvard, Yale, Michigan, the Royal Asiatic Society, the Phillipps collection, The Danish Royal Library, the Khuda Bakhsh Library, and others. This work is ongoing.</div>
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234 records extracted from sampled newspaper advertisements in three Bombay and Calcutta newspapers 1782-1793</div>
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141 records based on notes from assorted inventories, library lists, and mentions of books contained in official East India Company Correspondence, printed reports of the Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774-1800), and other secondary sources.</div>
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Mitch Fraashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06759749960182851187noreply@blogger.com154tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7547364392975732324.post-11918621315953397352013-06-14T12:46:00.000-07:002013-06-14T12:49:34.728-07:00Don't Believe that Imprint<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9N1wikV8_-U/UbtNu_cr1CI/AAAAAAAADQI/FyOZmn5xnQo/s1600/BostonImprint.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="100" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9N1wikV8_-U/UbtNu_cr1CI/AAAAAAAADQI/FyOZmn5xnQo/s320/BostonImprint.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=BxtBAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Karakteristik der Quäker</i> (Boston, 1792) [i.e. Heidelberg]</a></td></tr>
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Title pages can be deceiving. Bibliographers have long learned not to trust colophons and other declarations of place and date. The image above, for example, declares that a book was printed at Boston in 1792 while in fact it was printed in Heidelberg Germany.<br />
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I've always been fascinated by these so-called "false imprints," those books which claim information on their title pages or other paratext which purposely misrepresents the circumstances of a book's printing. Most literature on false imprints has focused on their use to avoid censorship or sidestep national laws, for example the numerous books printed in 16th-century London which bore imprints of a variety of continental cities (see e.g.Woodfield's <i><a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/franklin/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_478041">Surreptitious Printing in England</a></i>). Bibliographers have also noted the use of false imprints to bolster the 'brand' of a book - if books from Germany are known for their quality and craftsmanship then as an English printer why not try to boost sales with a little deception? Recently though I've become curious about the use of false imprints as an indicator of how foreign locales are represented in the cultural imagination of a given place. In looking through bibliographies of books printed in America I noticed quite a few bearing the false imprint of European cities - not a particular surprise - surely a citizen of Philadelphia in the 1760s would recognize and understand the differing importance of a political tract bearing a London imprint versus one from one of the American colonies. The use of false imprints within the British Atlantic world seemed self-evident to me but I wondered about what valence the Americas had in the rest of Europe.<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8iucLewohyM/UbtfcZNEKLI/AAAAAAAADQ4/wzT20mPeSJ8/s1600/MapFalseImprintsAll.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="249" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8iucLewohyM/UbtfcZNEKLI/AAAAAAAADQ4/wzT20mPeSJ8/s640/MapFalseImprintsAll.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The map above represents more than 150 books published on the continent in French, German, and Italian before 1800 which bear the false imprint of a North American location. <br />
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False imprints are notoriously difficult to track down and I can't claim to have done the kind of painstaking material text work required to determine where a book was actually printed. This is especially tough given the fact that there were a number of French and German imprints published in North America, making any simple linguistic sorting useless. Instead, I drew from the main bibliographies on the subject, mainly Emil Weller's magisterial <i><a href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006493353">Falschen und Fingierten Druckorte</a></i>, as well as Marino Parenti's <i><a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/franklin/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_1293870">Dizionario dei luoghi di stampa falsi</a></i>, and the <a href="http://estc.bl.uk/">ESTC</a>. There are of course many more false imprints to be discovered and I can't pretend my dataset is anywhere near comprehensive (most glaringly, Iberia and the Netherlands are not represented here). <br />
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Though a deep contextual analysis of the meaning of these false imprints will require more time, I wanted to point to a few things that stood out to me. First is the incredibly wide variety of European printing
centers which produced books under false American imprints. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mylIvNpRWuk/UbdUCSRIH7I/AAAAAAAADOc/8DN0UESXJn0/s1600/NewActualPlaceofPrinting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="373" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mylIvNpRWuk/UbdUCSRIH7I/AAAAAAAADOc/8DN0UESXJn0/s400/NewActualPlaceofPrinting.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Actual Places of Printing for Continental Books bearing false American Imprints to 1800.</td></tr>
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Paris is the
clear winner on the European side with at more than fifty books printed with a variety of
fictitious American place names. The vast majority being
Philadelphia. Looking closer at just the French books, it's amazing to
see the explosive increase in these false imprints around the American
Revolution. In addition, though I found it too late for inclusion in the one of the charts below, I was surprised to find only one French imprint pretending to be from French Canada, a 1765 Paris edition bearing a "Quebec" place of publication.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lTyHaCFQQGM/UaZt6mrY9II/AAAAAAAADNk/OyLzc982YUc/s1600/FrenchFalseImprintsTime.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="215" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lTyHaCFQQGM/UaZt6mrY9II/AAAAAAAADNk/OyLzc982YUc/s400/FrenchFalseImprintsTime.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Number of French imprints with false American places of publication - by decade.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VWpSNnxfrFg/Ubdgv43yJgI/AAAAAAAADPM/P_L8pN11pKQ/s1600/PhilaFalse1779.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VWpSNnxfrFg/Ubdgv43yJgI/AAAAAAAADPM/P_L8pN11pKQ/s200/PhilaFalse1779.jpg" width="120" /></a>This boom is closely related to the subject matter of the books. Many of those claiming American origin relate to the radical politics of the revolution, the nature of colonies, and the problems of empire. Adding "Philadelphie" to the title page was likely done not necessarily to fool readers but as part of the overall textual impact of the work. See for example (right) a <a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/franklin/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_429931">1779 tract</a> on the history of the classical world and the problems of colonies.<br />
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MHVLo2uaj6I/UbthrOuXvAI/AAAAAAAADRI/b3uGiFKiKHw/s1600/FrenchonlyBlog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="151" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MHVLo2uaj6I/UbthrOuXvAI/AAAAAAAADRI/b3uGiFKiKHw/s400/FrenchonlyBlog.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">French language imprints bearing American locations to 1800.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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While French language printing was largely focused in just a few places on the continent (see map above), German language printing of this kind of imprint came from all over central Europe.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-35B9WUIMTz0/Ubtkx46akDI/AAAAAAAADRY/jZmJEDGG3LA/s1600/Germanonlyblog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="140" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-35B9WUIMTz0/Ubtkx46akDI/AAAAAAAADRY/jZmJEDGG3LA/s400/Germanonlyblog.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">German language imprints bearing American locations to 1800.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Though Berlin and Leipzig both feature several of these imprints, there is no clear center like Paris. Likewise, while German language imprints also show a sharp increase with the onset of the Revolution, there is also an earlier trend toward American false imprints. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4iKp0Slgmtc/UaZt6lCs64I/AAAAAAAADNo/xTphtN2ZlaQ/s1600/GraphofGermanFalseImprints.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4iKp0Slgmtc/UaZt6lCs64I/AAAAAAAADNo/xTphtN2ZlaQ/s400/GraphofGermanFalseImprints.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Number of German imprints with false American places of publication - by decade.</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Ties between the German world and the Americas were of course strong thanks to the
migration of German speaking peoples to the British colonies throughout
the early eighteenth century. In addition, there was an active German language press in the middle colonies whose publications circulated in Europe, lending more familiarity to places like "Germantown" (under whose name 5 European German books were printed).<br />
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<br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_mUiaoSbMNM/UbdUSm5W3ZI/AAAAAAAADOk/xG_kyOvq4bA/s1600/NewPurportedPlaceofPrinting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_mUiaoSbMNM/UbdUSm5W3ZI/AAAAAAAADOk/xG_kyOvq4bA/s320/NewPurportedPlaceofPrinting.jpg" width="270" /></a> The chart to the left shows the names of the false places of publication in
North America. Philadelphia stands out again as the overwhelming leader. This data
is however perhaps suspect given the multiple meaning of "Philadelphia." At
least in the case of some of the earliest imprints of "Philadelphie" it
seems that the an abstract city of brotherly love is intended rather
than the nascent town in Pennsylvania. Regardless, the relative importance of Boston and Philadelphia and the relegation of places like New York is an interesting reminder of what was central and what was peripheral in conceptions of British North America.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-znk2t-1CjKE/UbtKzQxUnpI/AAAAAAAADP4/4s0Ktj5f548/s1600/CityPairs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="109" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-znk2t-1CjKE/UbtKzQxUnpI/AAAAAAAADP4/4s0Ktj5f548/s200/CityPairs.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">False Imprint cities matched with true imprint cities by frequency (3+ imprints)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
These purported printing locations provide a different kind of mental geography for how continental printers, publishers, and readers thought about North America. For that reason I found myself fascinated by the variety of, to my mind, obscure, American printing locations. Pittsburgh for
example appears as the place of publication - "Pittburgo" - in a <a href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012103781">1761-8 group of Italian volumes</a> actually printed in Milan. Newly founded as a settlement and in the news for its role
in the Seven Years War, Pittsburgh must have stuck out for the Italian
publisher as an exotic foreign locale. Likewise, a <a href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00059786/image_5">1784 German copy of a Pocahontas play</a>, actually printed in Ansbach features a title page bearing a "Jamestown" imprint:<br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qpaTfb7fWqI/UboAOsrkTQI/AAAAAAAADPg/6W4qeHcd8CU/s1600/Pittburgo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qpaTfb7fWqI/UboAOsrkTQI/AAAAAAAADPg/6W4qeHcd8CU/s400/Pittburgo.jpg" width="222" /></a></div>
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tPRL_8zxo8w/UbdgoLHJKMI/AAAAAAAADPE/VB4vDdBdbU0/s1600/JamestownGerman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tPRL_8zxo8w/UbdgoLHJKMI/AAAAAAAADPE/VB4vDdBdbU0/s400/JamestownGerman.jpg" width="213" /></a><br />
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I can only hope that researchers and bibliographers keep finding false imprints and adding to our knowledge of how they functioned in the marketplace of readers and publishers. I'm still at a loss to explain just what all those Philadelphia imprints, actually printed across the German states, would have meant to their readers and think there's the potential for some really insightful readings of this kind of paratext in the future!<br />
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***** <br />
Below I've included a less aesthetically pleasing version of the complete map but with a basemap layer and some interactivity: <br />
<br />
<iframe frameborder="0" height="350" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://maps.google.com/maps?q=docs:%2F%2F0B5xSfmon-gFVYUJBMWJQeUpEOVU&output=embed" width="525"></iframe><br />
<small><a href="http://maps.google.com/maps?q=docs:%2F%2F0B5xSfmon-gFVYUJBMWJQeUpEOVU" style="color: blue; text-align: left;">View Larger Map</a></small><br />
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<small>For no real reason see also this (poorly edited) books-over-time video showing the rise of false American imprint locations on European books. Begins 1700 end 1800.</small><br />
<small> </small>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/JI1n0eRlaiU" width="525"></iframe>
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Mitch Fraashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06759749960182851187noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7547364392975732324.post-12618754737378702592013-05-31T08:11:00.001-07:002014-01-23T22:37:26.109-08:00First Editions of Whitman's Leaves of Grass<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Following on last week's post which mapped books based on some longer-term research, I wanted to show what kinds of simple geographic visualizations are possible using data that's already extant and well-curated.<br />
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Given that today is Walt Whitman's 194th birthday I thought I'd post something related to the <a href="http://www.whitmanarchive.org/">Walt Whitman Archive</a> which is one of the longest-lived and most comprehensive digital projects out there. Among its many virtues is the willingness to give users access to raw data as well as interpretive content. I have a soft spot for comparative bibliography and was really impressed by Ed Folsom's multi-year study of all 158 known copies of the 1855 first edition of the <i>Leaves of Grass</i>. The survey, <a href="http://ir.uiowa.edu/wwqr/vol24/iss2/3/">published in the Walt Whitman quarterly in 2006</a>, came with a <a href="http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?filename=3&article=1816&context=wwqr&type=additional">downloadable data set </a>recording bibliographic details on all known copies. The 1855 Leaves has a complex publishing history and many of the copies differ from each other. Perhaps the most remarked-upon difference between the copies, which Folsom's survey highlights, are the many states of the infamous portrait of Whitman which appears on the frontispiece - particularly, the size of his crotch.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fzDJtfF-YcU/UafznjpKO4I/AAAAAAAADOM/6acxTxeYkOQ/s1600/WhitmanCrotch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fzDJtfF-YcU/UafznjpKO4I/AAAAAAAADOM/6acxTxeYkOQ/s320/WhitmanCrotch.jpg" height="135" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">So-called "flat" (left) and "bulging" (right) versions of the 1855 frontis. Figure 5 in Folsom's magisterial <a href="http://www.whitmanarchive.org/criticism/current/anc.00150.html"><i>Whitman Making Books/Books Making Whitman: A Catalog and Commentary </i>(Iowa, 2005)</a><i> </i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The thoroughness of the survey can be seen in the detailed comments on the state of these frontispieces, for example this one on Library of Congress copy shelfmark PS3201 1855a c.1 - which might also be one of my favorite bibliographic descriptions ever:<br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
"The crotch appears to be a version between the flat and enhanced crotch.
There is considerably more shading to the left of the small bulge, but
it is not yet fully enlarged. The bottom of the pants is differently
engraved than any known version" </blockquote>
<br />
It's one thing to see all of this great detail in spreadsheet form but I thought perhaps Folsom or other Whitman scholars might be interested in seeing a direct visualization of the geographic dispersal of the physical artifacts of Whitman's work. Below I've mapped the known copies by their holding location showing their concentration by institution or private owner. The majority never left the original 13 states on the east coast. <br />
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<iframe height="600px" src="http://geocommons.com/maps/169120/embed" width="580px">Copies of the 1855 Leaves of Grass</iframe>
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For a full look at the visualization and data see <a href="http://geocommons.com/maps/169120">http://geocommons.com/maps/169120</a></div>
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Mitch Fraashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06759749960182851187noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7547364392975732324.post-6741982261490315192013-05-21T15:03:00.000-07:002013-05-22T09:35:48.697-07:00The Penn 100: Unique Early English Printed Material in a Research Library Collection<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-x3zWT-u5XNM/UZvuZlCmoYI/AAAAAAAADMc/FvgFXVMbErE/s1600/ESTC_R179291.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="173" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-x3zWT-u5XNM/UZvuZlCmoYI/AAAAAAAADMc/FvgFXVMbErE/s400/ESTC_R179291.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://estc.bl.uk/R179291">ESTC R179291</a> (Only known copy: <a href="http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017.4/7249.89822">Penn EB65.A100.689K</a>)</td></tr>
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In the fall of 2011 I asked the administrators of the
<a href="http://estc.bl.uk/">English Short Title Catalog (ESTC)</a> if they could provide me with a list of all
the records in their database which reported holdings only at the University of
Pennsylvania – <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i.e. “unique to Penn”
imprints. The ESTC has as its purview all printed material produced in the
British Empire or in the English language from the dawn of printing to 1800.<a href="#ftn1">[1]</a>
The ESTC sent me back a list of 313 record numbers which they identified as
having a holdings location only at the University of Pennsylvania. On and off
over the intervening time, I’ve gone through the list, matching record numbers
with titles and shelf locations and examining some of the records more closely.
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Though ESTC imprint data has been collected and corrected by
experts over many decades, I was well aware of the problems and possible errors
inherent in such a dataset. To that end I looked carefully at the records and,
in many cases, the physical books themselves to determine which were likely to
be actually unique holdings.</div>
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Of the 313 imprints listed by the ESTC as existing only at
Penn, I found clear evidence that 51 were also held by other libraries. A
variety of factors explain these errors, some of which are instructive for
users of the ESTC at large. In the majority of the cases simple cataloging
aberrations caused mis-reporting.<a href="#ftn2">[2]</a>
Others were so-called “Wing Ghosts” i.e. listings in <a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/franklin/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_631121">D.G. Wing’s bibliography</a> that
could not be identified in retrospect.<a href="#ftn3">[3]</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In some cases, Penn had cataloged volume
parts of a series individually creating “unique” records where entries for the
series as a whole existed elsewhere.<a href="#ftn4">[4]</a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other cases, as with the 1783 false London imprint <a href="http://estc.bl.uk/N34699">Memorie sulla Bastiglia del celebre Sig. Linguet scritte</a>,
libraries outside the ESTC’s sweep proved to have relevant holdings.<a href="#ftn5">[5]</a>
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Examining the list of 262 remaining “unique” imprints with an eye towards
understanding their survival in only one known institutional location is a larger project but I
thought I would introduce the findings in aggregate first.<br />
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<b>Chronology:</b></div>
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The earliest “unique” title found was printed in 1555 – a London
second edition of a translation of Erasmus. This is the only 16th century
imprint on the list and has unfortunately been missing from the library for
some time.<a href="#ftn6">[6]</a>
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Taking the other 262 imprints a clear chronological theme
emerges, representative of larger trends in book production. Of these, 26 date from
the 17<sup>th</sup> century and 236 from the 18<sup>th</sup> century.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-j60WyOCS87k/UZvVqnRUZdI/AAAAAAAADL4/H8ZtH48_ufw/s1600/UniqueESTCGraph.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-j60WyOCS87k/UZvVqnRUZdI/AAAAAAAADL4/H8ZtH48_ufw/s1600/UniqueESTCGraph.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chart showing number of "unique" ESTC imprints held by Penn grouped by five year intervals</td></tr>
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Above you can see the near exponential increase of “unique”
holdings by year of publication. Accordingly, the 5-year period 1795-1800
claims the highest number of imprints on the “unique” list with 29.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Geography:</b></div>
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As one might expect London dominates the list by printing
location. Given Penn’s collecting history however, there are also a number of
western hemisphere imprints represented. One of my early finds from the list
was a <a href="http://uniqueatpenn.wordpress.com/2012/06/14/the-calves-head-and-early-printing-in-jamaica/">unique 1719 Jamaica imprint</a>, which is the oldest example of Caribbean book
printing extant in the Americas. Below is a list of the 262 "unique" imprints by place of printing. Detailed map <a href="http://geocommons.com/maps/263863#">here</a>.</div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BGwJu0JImEw/UZvVqjCNdTI/AAAAAAAADL8/CUzHbp-V6V0/s1600/UniqueESTCLocations.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="237" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BGwJu0JImEw/UZvVqjCNdTI/AAAAAAAADL8/CUzHbp-V6V0/s400/UniqueESTCLocations.jpg" title="" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Europe: </b></div>
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London: 155.<br />
Elsewhere in England: 13. This includes two from Wolverhampton and one each from Reading, Rochester, Shrewsbury, Southampton,
Tunbridge, Manchester, Newcastle, Lincoln, Eaton, Canterbury, and Bristol.</div>
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Ireland: 30 from Dublin, 1 from Armagh, and 1 from Belfast</div>
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Scotland: 6 from Edinburgh and 5 from Glasgow</div>
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The Continent: 3. One each from Amsterdam, the Hague,
and Mainz as well as one false Florence imprint (likely London).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hyPeIVkKPVM/UZvWnBK51DI/AAAAAAAADMM/9_px8FWsim8/s1600/colophon1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="52" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hyPeIVkKPVM/UZvWnBK51DI/AAAAAAAADMM/9_px8FWsim8/s400/colophon1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Colophon from <a href="http://uniqueatpenn.wordpress.com/2012/06/14/the-calves-head-and-early-printing-in-jamaica/">ESTC N67272</a></td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Americas:</b></div>
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Caribbean: 3. Two from Kingston, Jamaica and one from Antigua.</div>
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North America: 43</div>
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Philadelphia: 31, Boston: 3, as well as nine from elsewhere in the 13 colonies including one each from Lancaster, Pa.,Whitehall,
Pa.,York, Pa., Peacham, Vt, Hudson, Ny., Hagerstown, Md., Exeter, N.H.,
Baltimore, Md., and Annapolis, Md.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Availability:</b></div>
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While ECCO, EEBO, and Digital Evans contain a wealth of digitized content, only a small fraction (a little over 8%) of the items on the Penn "unique" list are
available in online databases. This number would of course change significantly
if one were interested in any edition of a text rather than the specific
imprint held here. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Collections data: </b></div>
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Items like those identified here as “unique” to Penn don’t
come around every day. In fact, a large number of these “unique” items come
from collections carefully developed over many years by individuals and
institutions around particular themes. The ESTC data do a nice job reinforcing the
importance of focused and deep collecting. Within the data, the collection that
really shines through is Penn’s excellent <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015023556080?urlappend=%3Bseq=1">Singer-Mendenhall collection</a> of English fiction to 1820. A whopping 32 of the imprints, all novels, come from this
collection, began in the 1920s by Godfrey Singer, a Penn student. Other focused collections represented in the "unique" list are the <a href="http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/furness.html">Horace Howard Furness Collection,</a> with nine imprints, nine also from the Curtis Publishing Company Collection of Franklin Imprints,
seven from the Teerink Swift collection.<a href="#ftn7">[7]</a>,
four from the Edwin Forrest Library Collection, three from the <a href="http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/policies/yarnall.html">Yarnall Library</a>
and three held at the Biddle Law Library. Interestingly, an additional four “unique”
items come from an artificial collection we call “Founders” indicating books
that were present in the <a href="http://archive.org/details/catalogueofbooks00penn">University of Pennsylvania library before 1829</a>. Contrary
to the focused collecting of rare material made by later collectors, the four
“unique” books imprints in this collection were purchased for mundane use by
the students of the early University and include a (likely pirated) <a href="http://estc.bl.uk/N8496">1762 Dublin reprint of Hume's multi-volume history of England</a>. These texts, which were likely
readily available at the time have not survived elsewhere likely thanks to
years of library weeding and the purchasing of the latest available editions. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Penn 100:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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At the very bottom of the page I have provided a link to the spreadsheet containing
all 262 “unique” items I identified, but I wanted to go further to locate those
works whose integral text exists nowhere but Penn. After filtering out
translations where foreign language versions exist, books with other
extant editions, and any sort of reprinting, I was left with just 100 items and
a list spanning 1659-1800, only 14 of which have digital surrogates.
These truly unique texts might be some of the most fruitful to examine in
detail in the future:</div>
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<br /></div>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="300" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?key=0ApxSfmon-gFVdEFPd2JpNFR2TXJLaERxSEdTSVI5Y0E&output=html&widget=true" width="700"></iframe>
<br />
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What might we say about survival and the circulation of print publication
based on this group? Surprisingly only 13 of these 100 are single sheet
broadsides. Given how ephemeral these publications are I expected them to
dominate the list of wholly unique items. Likewise, only four of the 100 are
related directly to the University of Pennsylvania. Instead, many of the
publications on the list are substantial works. Foremost amongst these, and the
clear leader on the list, are the 23 novels dating from 1765 to 1797 which do
not appear in any known institutional collection. Take for instance the 1787
novel <a href="http://estc.bl.uk/N33874"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lord Winworth; or, the memoirs of an heir</i></a>, the copy surviving at Penn is noted as the second edition but
though an <a href="http://estc.bl.uk/T32784">advertisement survives</a> announcing the publication of the first
edition, no copy seems to exist. Further proof that distribution and reprinting
of texts doesn’t necessarily lead to their survival. Going forward, I’m eager
to see the <a href="http://blogs.swarthmore.edu/earlynovelsdatabase/?page_id=238">Early Novels Database project</a> and its students shed some more light
on these rare novels.</div>
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Also of interest on the list are the 10 imprints which are
textbooks, guides, or conduct manuals. These include such scintillating titles
as “An essay on a method of finding the solid contents of packages, by an easy
addition of three numbers only.” Textbooks and school manuals were commonly
used by the hundreds but due to the nature of their use, relatively few have
survived to this day. Not all of these 100, though printed in
British-controlled areas, were printed in English. In addition to a few
Pennsylvania German imprints, perhaps my favorite in this category is the
unique 1795 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://estc.bl.uk/W9731">Le Chansonnier républicain</a> </i>a
book of French revolutionary songs printed in Philadelphia for the émigré
community. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Any of these “unique” works would make an excellent research
project for a curious student or scholar and I hope providing these lists helps
launch a conversation about the nature of library collecting and the place of
bibliographic data in print history.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
[For the complete list of all 313 imprints listed as "unique" to Penn by the ESTC with my notes and comments see CSV file <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B5xSfmon-gFVc3k5djk4RldXdkU/edit?usp=sharing">here </a>(filter by the field "Likely Unique" to see the final 262)] <br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
**** </div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">I’d like to thank Ginger Schilling and Brian Geiger at the ESTC/UC-Riverside for being incredibly helpful in providing the data for this survey.<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span>Also note that the data in the ESTC is constantly being
changed and updated. I would love to know of any additions or subtractions to
these lists as appropriate – I’m sure it’s not the final word! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<a name="ftn1">[1]</a>
For more on the ESTC and plans for the future see their blog at: <a href="http://estc21.wordpress.com/">http://estc21.wordpress.com/
</a></span></div>
<a name="ftn2">[2]</a>
See the example of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="match"><a href="http://estc.bl.uk/N31145">N31145</a> which was perhaps not caught because of a slight misspelling in the title. This
imprint seems to actually be <a href="http://estc.bl.uk/T132866">T132866 </a>held by several libraries.</span></div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="ftn3">[3]</a>
For an example see <span class="match"><a href="http://estc.bl.uk/R180866">R180866 </a>which is actually held at Penn as R231132. </span></div>
<a name="ftn4">[4]</a>
For instance Penn’s volume of the <i>Merry Wives of Windsor</i> from 1734 <a href="http://estc.bl.uk/N475057">[N475057</a>]
which is actually just one volume from the larger set of Shakespeare’s works
held by many libraries as <a href="http://estc.bl.uk/T54097">T54097</a>.</span></div>
<a name="ftn5">[5]</a>
I was able to locate a copy at the University of Mannheim which apparently has
never sent in its holdings to the ESTC: Broadly speaking, the ESTC is only as good as the records which
libraries chose to submit to it. For an example closer to home see W20303 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Which mentions a copy in the College of
Physicians of Philadelphia in the notes field but includes no holdings for that
institution in the list of libraries. </div>
<a name="ftn6">[6]</a>
This Erasmus volume is<a href="http://estc.bl.uk/S92484"> ESTC S92484.</a> It has been missing since at least 1974. See John Fleischauer, "A New Sixteenth-Century Translation of Erasmus," <i>Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America</i>, 68
(1974), pp. 164-6.
<a name="ftn7">[7]</a>
For more on this collection of material relating to Jonathan Swift see Daniel
Traister, "The History of the Herman Teerink Collection of Jonathan Swift
at the University of Pennsylvania Library," <i>Swift Studies</i>, 10
(1995), 80-88.
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{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
Mitch Fraashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06759749960182851187noreply@blogger.com4